2016-02-11 Work Session Kodiak Island Borough
Assembly Work Session
Thursday, February 11, 2016, 6:30 p.m.
Borough Conference Room
Work Sessions are informal meetings of the Assembly where Assembly members review the upcoming regular meeting
agenda packet and seek or receive information from staff.Although additional Items not listed on the work session agenda
are discussed when introduced by the Mayor,Assembly,or staff,no formal action Is taken at work sessions and Items that
require formal Assembly action are placed on regular Assembly meeting agenda.Citizen's comments at work sessions
are NOT considered part of the official record.Citizen's comments intended for the"official record"should be made at a
regular Assembly meeting.
Page
1. CITIZENS' COMMENTS (Limited to Three Minutes per Speaker)
2. AGENDA ITEMS
3 - 121 a. Chiniak Fire Damage Assessment Discussion/Set Town Meeting
in Chiniak
2016-02-05 2016 KIB
if s t
122 - 147 b. GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AA 2016-02-10 s c r ti
-11 TuckerKFRg BUjIgLin
i6-1-6--02-1 i iti nnal Info dated7-14-15
148 - 161 C. Incinerator Fine Discussion
2016-02-04 Mer IncineratorReview
Rad Response
d. Discussion Items and Schedule for the Lobbying Trip to Juneau
3, PACKET REVIEW
NEW BUSINESS
RESOLUTIONS
Resolution No. FY2016-27 Approving the Village of Karluk and Karluk
IRA Tribal Council to Participate in the FY2017 Community Revenue
Sharing Program.
ORDINANCES FOR INTRODUCTION
Ordinance No. FY2016-13 Amending the Kodiak Island Borough Code
Title 2 Administration and Personnel Chapter 2.155 Kodiak Workforce
Regional Advisory Council Section 2.155.060 Quorum and Voting
Requirements.
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Page 1 of 162
Ordinance No FY2016-14 Repealing Ordinance No. 98-06, Reserving
Certain Borough Lands as a Vegetative Screen, and Reserving an
Amended Greenbelt Buffer Along the Common Boundary of the
Monashka Bay Road Service Area and the Kodiak Island Borough Baler
and Landfill.
Ordinance No. FY2016-15 Amending the 2008 Comprehensive Plan by
Changing the Future Land Use Designation of a t 28.9 Acre Portion of
Tract B, U.S. Survey 4793 From Conservation To Industrial/Light
Industrial (P&Z Case No. 16-004).
Ordinance No. FY2016-16 Rezoning a t 28.9 acre portion of Tract B,
U.S. Survey 4793 From R1-Single-family Residential District To (-
Industrial District (P&Z Case No. 16-009).
Ordinance No. FY2016-17 Amending the Kodiak Island Borough Code
Title 5 Business Licenses and Regulations by Creating a New Chapter
5.02 Marijuana Businesses.
EXECUTIVE SESSION
Discussion of Manager Applicant's Skype Interview Results and
Discussion of Those Who Should Move Forward for Final Interview.
4. MANAGER'S COMMENTS
5. CLERK'S COMMENTS
6. MAYOR'S COMMENTS
7. ASSEMBLY MEMBERS COMMENTS
8. FUTURE DISCUSSION ITEMS
162 a. 2015-12-15 Future Discussion Items List
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+ Ilk ulll� l �,ii, Page 2 of 162
JAGENDA ITEM . .
OLIMM
North%Mnd Forest Consultants, LLC
PO Box 1346
Chehalis,WA 98532
n®rth In mcastnet
2/4/2016
Duane Dvorak
Resource Management Officer
Kodiak Island Borough Manager's Office
710 Mill Bay Road,Room 108
Kodiak,Alaska 99515
LottLgLUWAMM
Mr.Dvorak;
On February 4,2016 NorthWind Forest Consultants LLC in accordance
with the agreement signed and dated the 11th of December A.D.2015 with the
Kodiak island Borough delivered to your office in the form of a bound hard copy
and a PDF file the final report for the Assessment of Fire Damage to Forestlands
Owned by The Kodiak Island Borough Caused by the Twin Creek Fire.
NorthWind Forest Consultants LLC
Joseph Staley
Prosidenl/Owner
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
An Assessment of Fire Damage
To Forestlands Owned By
The Kodiak Island Borough
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Caused by the Twin Creek Fire
Prepared for the Kodiak Island Borough by:
Nodhwnd Forest Consultents,LLC
PO W4 1348
Chehalis,WA 98532
Mr.Joe Staley,Forester and President,NorthWind Forest Consultants,LLC
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Table of Contents
Section Pape#
Introduction......................................................................2
ProjectScope...................................................................2
Area Description.............................................................3
Methods......................................................................3-5
Field Equipment Used...................................................5
Results.........................................................................5-6
Findings..........................................................................6
AppendixA...................................................Ortho Image
Appendix B........................ Data Summary/Project Map
Appendix C......................................................Plot Photos
Appendix D......................................................... USFS-FEIS
Appendix E.................................................Tree Physiology
Appendix F....................................Revised Scope of Work
1
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Introduction
On August 27th, 2015 a fire began in the vicinity of the West Fork of Twin Creek.The suspected
cause was a breach of the power line due to a tree falling into the lines. The environmental
condition at the time of ignition were dry vegetation, low to moderate humidity, warm
temperatures and strong sustained wind of 49 mph (gusts to 65 mph) from a west/northwest
direction as reported by the National Weather Service.The fire moved on an easterly direction
through previously harvested units and riparian timber stands. Due to the strong sustained
winds the fire most likely moved through these units quickly by spotting out ahead of the core
fire. This is substantiated by the evidence of unburned areas mixed with burned areas.
Eventually the fire reached the standing timber that occupies property owned by the Kodiak
Island Borough. Due to the significant fuel load present in standing timber, the fire grew in
intensity and moved through approximately 900 acres of timber into more harvested areas to
the east until it reached the ocean shore at Cape Greville.This was a stand replacing crown fire.
The most intense portion of this fire was found in the standing timber. This was due to the
mixture of fuels found and the ability of the fire to move from the ground into the crown via
the existence of the moss found in a typical Kodiak stand of Sitka Spruce (Picea Sitchensis).
This fire burned or scorched the majority of the foliage found in the crowns of the standing
timber. The crown of a tree is the part of the tree that is the food factory (appendix E-Tree
Physiology). Without the ability to adequately produce food the trees will at the very least
become severely stressed and susceptible to insect damage but more certainly will die. The
fres effect on the crown will account for the largest single causation of tree mortality.This is
supported by all the academic literature found on the subject of fires effect on Sitka Spruce
(Picea Sitchensis).
Project Scope
Based on the revised scope of work dated 11/24/2015 (appendix F), this fire damage
assessment report will answer the following questions:
1. Percentage of Spruce trees that suffered substantial crown damage;
2. Percentage of Spruce trees that suffered substantial fire damage at the base or over the
root system;
3. Percentage and location of areas within the property that may have escaped substantial
fire damage;
4. Other observations that the consultant believes to be relevant, in their professional
opinion,after reviewing the site.
This report and assessment will not address any other topics not related to this scope of work.
2
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Area Description
The property subject to this report is found an Kodiak Island in section(s) 31 and 32,township
29 south, range 18 west and section(s) 5 and 6, township 30 south, range 18 west, Seward
Meridian and is approximately 14 air miles southeast of the City of Kodiak. The property
contains approximately 900 gross acres of burnt timber based on GIS identification.
The general macro aspect of this property is north facing,with some micro aspects of east and
west facing slopes due on terrain. The general topography consists of gentle slopes varying
between 5 to 10 percent on the north half of the property and three ridges of complex slopes
found on the south half of the property. These ridges have varying slopes of between 5 to 40
percent.The steepest terrain is found in the southeast corner of the property.
There are five significant drainages found on the property and are defined by the ridges.
Portions of these drainages are known or believed to be anadromous but additional
investigation may be justified.
The timber found on the subject property would best be described as a homogenous mature
Sitka Spruce stand with an average diameter at breast height (DBH) of 23 inches and an
estimated average age of 150 years.
There was significant stand defect and wind damage observed during this assessment. The
stand defect appeared to be pre-fire and due to the age of the trees.The fire had the effect of
accentuating this defect in most cases.The wind damage observed was more recent and was
due to the fire weakening of the tree bole and roots.
Methods
To measure any given population one can either count all members in the population or the
population can be sampled and then the sample is used to expand the results of the sample to
the entire population. Because of the size of this papulation it was determined that a sampling
method was justified.To accurately sample any population it is important to accurately identify
the size of the entire papulation and establish protocols that remove biases.
The population size was identified by using an ortho-rectified satellite Image (appendix A) of
the subject property taken September 22nd, 2015 and Arc-GIS mapping software. The
properties boundaries were established from field located property corners using a GPS and
survey plat information supplied by the US Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Areas within
the property boundaries identified as being burnt were digitized with a polygon to develop the
gross acreage of fire affected timber. From this gross acreage deduction were made for known
regulatory timber retention (RMZ) and visually identified non-forested acres.This established
the net acreage used to identify the entire population used in this health assessment.
3
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AGENDA ITE #2.a.
To establish the sample grid and sample frequency,we turned to the Alaska Forest Resources&
Practices regulations, more specifically 11 AAC 95.375 (g).This regulation describes the State's
accepted procedure for determining the number of commercially available trees in an affected
timber stand that are significantly composed of fire killed or fatally damaged trees. The full
language of this regulation is attached below.
I1 AAC 95.375 (g) To apply for an exemption from reforestation requirements under(b) (2)of
this section, a landowner must request an exemption in the reforestation section of a detailed
plan of operations under I I AAC 95.220(10) or a change in operations under 11 AAC 95.230
and must demonstrate that the affected stand is significantly composed of insect and disease-
killed,fire killed, wind thrown, or fatally damaged trees. If required by the division, the request
must include a description of the sampling procedure, the sampling data, and a data summary.
The data summary Hurst show the number of commercial trees per acre that are dead or fatally
damaged,and the percentage of commercial trees in the stand that are dead or
fatally damaged. Sample plots must be located without bias throughout the affected stand. For
stands 1,000 acres or less, the minimum sample density is 10 plots per
100 acres. For stands greater than 1,000 acres, the minimum sample density is sir plots per
100 acres. Fewer plots are acceptable if the sample standard error is less than 10 percent of
the mean. Either fixed diameter or variable plot sampling methods are acceptable. Sample
plots must average approximately at leas!five sample trees of commercial value. Trees must
be recorded by diameter class as either dead,damaged by insects,disease,fire, or wind, or not
impacted. The division may accept other documentation or field evidence in lieu of sampling
in cases where the extent of damage is obvious.
(h) Following receipt of the exemption request, the division may inspect the site to confirm the
information submitted before determining ii,hether the stand is significantly composed of insect
and disease-killed,fire killed, wind throivn, or fatally damaged trees. The division will make
this determination as part of the review of the detailed plan of operations or change in
operations. In areas exempted from reforestation requirements, the landowner and operator
shall protect existing
reproduce ion from logging damage where feasible.
To create the described sample described in 11 AAC 95.375(g),we again turned to Arc-GIS and
used the fishnet tool to create a ten acre grid and referenced that grid to the parcel boundary
lines.A unique function of the fishnet tool is that it will create a point in the center of each grid
box.These points were then used as the locations where trees would be sampled.These office
generated sample points were exported to a GPS file to be used in the field to navigate to each
sample point's location on the ground.This is much more accurate than the way sample points
were field located before GPS was available.
To determine the size of the sample, the previously completed 1997 timber cruise done by
Parsons & Associates for the Kodiak island Borough was consulted for stand characteristics.
Using statistical analysis, it was determined that a sample of 10% of the population would
generate a valid outcome. Using the sample size and the sample point frequency, it was
determined that 1/10th acre fixed radius circular plots would achieve the correct sample for this
size of population.
4
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Once in the field,sample points were located by using the Garmin and Trimble GPS to navigate
to their respective location.All efforts were made to get as close to the actual sample point as
possible and in most case less than 6 foot accuracy was achieved.Once each sample point was
located,a sequential number was written on an orange flag hung high near the sample point
and a ground flag was placed at the point of sample.
From this center point, trees were determined to be in the sample based on the sample size
radius (37.2 feet). This was done by measuring the distance from the center point of the
sample plot to the tree using the laser range finder.Then each tree found to be in the sample
was evaluated for fire damage and recorded for each of the three criteria (roots, bole and
crown)as established by the scope of work.These are the three parts of a tree that determine
the health of that tree.Serious damage to any one of these will cause tree mortality.
The scope of work required the assessment to establish the "percentage of Spruce trees that
suffered substantial damage", so a rating method was employed using a scale of 0 to 10 to
evaluate each of the tree parts. The assigning of the rating was based on the visual evidence
found at each tree as compared to what would be found at a healthy tree. If a trees root collar
had no evidence of fire then that tree received 0 rating for roots. Conversely if there was
substantial evidence of burning around the root collar then the tree was given a rating between
1 and 10 commensurate with the severity.This was the same rating method used for the bole
and crown.
The final step taken at each sample point was to document, by representative photographs
(appendix C), the conditions found at the point and the surrounding area. A minimum of four
pictures were taken at each sample point.
This data as collect was compiled and summarized for the basis of this report.
Field Equili3ment Used
Trimble 6000 series Geo-XH GPS data collector with a Tornado external antenna (sub-meter
accurate),Garmin 645 GPS,Laser Technology TruPulse 200L laser range finder(used to measure
distance), waterproof Nikon Coolpix S33 digital camera, a pocket Biltmore stick (used to
measure DBH), a 75 foot rewind tape measure (used to measure distance), a pocket hand
compass (used to measure direction) and a plot center staff (use to maintain sample point
center).
Results
Based on the summary of the assessment data (appendix B), the total population of
commercially viable trees is 61,477 trees. This population is found on 782 acres. There is an
average of 79 trees per acre(TPA) and the average tree has a diameter at breast height(DBH)
of 23 inches.
5
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
The assessment measured 621 trees,on 79, 1/10"acre sample points for an expanded sample
of 6,210 trees(10.1%of the total population).This correlates to an average of 8 trees measured
on each sample point. The assessment found that 25% of these trees had substantial root
damage based on receiving a damage rating of 70%or higher,48%of the trees had substantial
damage to their boles based on receiving a damage rating of 70% or higher and 90% of the
trees had substantial damage to their crowns based on receiving a damage rating of 70% or
higher. The assessment data also indicates that 6,138 total trees remain undamaged by fire.
This represents approximately 8 trees per acre are undamaged,although these trees will not be
evenly distributed throughout the subject property.
One of the requested receivables was the percentage and location of areas within the subject
property that may have escaped substantial fire damage. None of the sample points in this
assessment picked up any such categorized areas and to seek any of them out would have
inserted a bias into the sample. Our professional opinion based on review of the ortho image
used is that there may be less than 3%of the property that would meet this category.Based on
this observation, if a definitive answer is necessary, there are some photogrammetric
techniques available to perform this analysis but they are expensive and were not included in
the proposal.
FindinL,s
Based on the assessment data and field observations, the fire event of August 27`h, 2015,
created a substantial crown fire and a lesser but still significant ground fire on the subject
property,with 90%of the trees sustaining 70%or greater crown damage.The effect of this fire
event is best characterized as a stand replacement fire and the expected mortality will be
extensive.This is suggestive of literature and observations of the results of fires that occur in
Sitka Spruce stands.The US Forest Service-"Fire Ecology Information System"(appendix D)very
succinctly states the effects of fire on Sitka Spruce(Picea Sitchensis):
1. "Its thin bark and a shallow root system make it very susceptible to fire damage";
2. "Sitka spruce forests have a fire regime of long-interval (150 to 350+ years) severe
crown or surface fires which result in total stand re lacement"lemphasisadded];
3. `The immediate effect of a cool to hot fire is damage to the cambium layer, usually
resulting in death of the tree."
Other fires that have occurred in the Kodiak Archipelago (Afognak Island, slash burn 1989 and
wild fire 1996) have exhibited substantial mortality in the population of both the young and
mature trees that were exposed to fire.
6
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix B
KIB Timber Health Assessment Summary
Based on Assessment Data
1/22/2016
#of Plots 79 Plot Radius 37.2 ft.
#of Trees 621 sampled Plot Factor 10
Av.#Trees 7.9 per plot TPA 79
GIS Burned
Acres 900 gross Total Trees 61,477
RMZ Acres 93 Av.DBH 1 23 lin.
Non-forested
Acres 25
Assessment
Acres 782 net
%Significant Damaged
Trees #of Trees
Roots 25% 15,345
Bole 46% 29,798
Crown 90% 55,340
Estimated Un-damaged Trees Remaining: 6,138
TPA: 8
Spacing:
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AGENDA ITEM . .
Appendix B
Comment and Photo Log
Plot# General Comments Photos
101 Scorched salmon berry 1-4
102 Small wood,wet site 5-8
103 Small Stream 9-16
104 Scorched salmon berry 17-26
105 Hillside NW aspect 35% 27-34
106 brush burnt extensive 35-42
107 Hillside NW aspect 30% 43-48
Plot# General Comments Photos
201 heavy crown damage 1-8 1-2
202 wet site non-merch 9-16&3-5
203 north edge of burn 17-24/6-8
204 edge of burn by 4 wheeler trail/wet site on half plot 24-32/9-12
205 heavy crown damage 36-44/13-15
206 heavy ground burn 45-52/18-20
207 heavy ground burn 53-60
208 ground burned moderate 61-68
209 lite ground burn 69-76
Plot# General Comments Photos
301 ground heavy burn 3-10
302 moderate ground burn 11-18
303 ground burnt 19-26
304 ground burn 27-34
305 heavy ground burn/extensive crown damage 35-42
306 heavy salmon berry patch/heavy crown damage 43-50
307 heavy crown damage 51-58
Plot# General Comments Photos
401 lite ground burn/crown damage 1-8
402 heavy burnt/heavy crown damage 9-16
403 lite ground burn 17-24
404 hot burn/heavy crown damage 25-32
405 forested wet site scorched 3340
406 crown damage 41-48
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P AGENDA I . .
Appendix B
Plot# General Comments Photos
501 heavy burnt/heavy crown damage 11-18
502 edge of wetland/heavy ground burn/heavy crown damage scorched 27-34
503 heavy burnt 35-42
504 significant crown scorch 43-50
505 edge of big creek rmz/only 1 tree in unit/significant crown damage 51-58
506 heavy burnt/heavy crown damage 59-66
507 significant crown&bole damage 67-74
508 heavy ground burn/burnt boles/crown damage 75-82
509 lite ground burn/scorched crowns 83-90
510 significant crown damage/ground burn 91-98
Plot# General Comments Photos
601 heavy burnt/significant crown damage 1-8
602 scorched crowns/significant pitching 9-16
603 ground burn/significant crown damage 17-24
604 heavy burn/significant crown damage 25-32
605 ground burn/basal burnt 33-40
606 R2 Big Creek/heavy crown damage/ground burn 41-49
607 heavy basal burnt/heavy crown damage 50-57
608 heavy crown damage/heavy basal burnt 58-69
609 heavy ground burn/heavy basal burnt/crown damage 70-77
Piot# General Comments Photos
701 mixture of heavy to lite ground burn/significant crown damage 1-8
702 lite ground burn/thin crowns 9-16
703 near little creek/thin crowns 25-34
704 edge of wetland/ground burn 35-42
705 heavy crown damage/significant pitching 43-50
706 heavy burn 51-58
707 heavy burn/crown damage 59-66
708 significant crown&basal burn 67-74
709 over break chiniak river/fire skip/crown damage 75-82
Plot# General Comments Photos
801 heavy burnt/heavy crown damage 1-8
802 lite ground burn/heavy crown damage 9-18
803 very thin crowns/lite ground burn 19-26
804 heavy burnt/thin crowns scorched 27-34
805 lite ground burn/significant crown damage 35-42
806 ground burn/significant thin crowns 43-50
807 lite ground burn/scorched very thin crowns 51-58
808 heavy ground burn/significant crown damage 59-66
809 heavy crown damage 67-74
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AGENDA ! .
Appendix B
Plot# General Comments Photos
901 heavy ground burn/significant crown damage 1-8
902 significant crown damage/heavy scorched/lite ground burn 9-16
903 very thin crowns/scorched/lite ground burn/big Creek bottom 19-26
904 heavy ground burn/significant crown damage 27-34
905 edge of small stream/heavy burnt 35-42
906 heavy burnt/rock knob/significant crown damage 47-54
907 heavy burnt/significant crown damage/steep ground 55-62
908 lite ground bum/significant crown damage 63-70
909 lite ground burn/crown damage 71-78
Plot b General Comments Photos
1001 heavy burnt/significant crown damage 1-8
1002 heavy ground burn/significant crown damage/steep side hill above chiniak river 9-16
1003 heavy burnt/significant crown damage/steep sidehill 17-24
1004 heavy burnt/significant crown damage/steep sidehill draw 29-36
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Appendix C
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Appendix C
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Appendix C
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Appendix C
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207 208
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
200 208
ff
ri
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208 209
All
PENN Ill
Page 32 of 162
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
209 209
b a
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
301 301
l 2
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301 302
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
302 302
d
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302 303
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
303 303
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
304 304
/i yl �Q f h 1 ill"
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304 305
si Ih
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
305 305
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305 306
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
306 306
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306 307
L� err�t: � � "9• "�� � � �'���"„�,
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
307 307
Q:
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307 401
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
401 401
u�
401 402
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
402 402
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402 403
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
403 403
vv
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a,
Appendix C
404 404
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404 405
uuT�
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
405 405
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
406 406
Jr /!,
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406 Scorched foliage on blowdown
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
Scorched Foliage Scorched Foliage Closeup
IM 111111MER "Ilii;;
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
501 501
4,11 U
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
502 502
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
503 503
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
504 504
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505 505
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
505 505
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
506 506
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
507 507
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix G
5„„08 508
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
509 509
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
510 510
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
601 601
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
602 602
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Appendix C
603 603
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
604 604
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
605 605
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
606 606
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
607 607
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
608 608
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
609 609
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
701 701
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
702 702
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Page 68 of 162
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
Non-burnt Foliage Non-burnt Crown
.� ,�,�IX��4 C u,✓ i Y DSO
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703 703
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
703 703
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
704 704
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
705 705
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
706 706
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
707 707
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
708 708
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
709 709
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err lY
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
RMZ Chiniak River RMZ Chiniak River
1 IrI1NY � Y,
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RMZ Chiniak River 801
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Appendix C
801 801
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
802 802
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
803 803
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
804 804
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Appendix C
805 805
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Appendix C
Sob 806
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Appendix C
sol 807
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
808 808
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Page 85 of 162
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
809 809
IN 1111111111M 1;11�
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
901 901
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
902 902
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
903 903
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Appendix C
904 904
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Appendix C
905 905
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
906 906
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
907 907
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Appendix C
908 908
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AGENDA ITEM #2a.
Appendix C
909 909
to
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Appendix C
1001 1001
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Appendix C
1002 1002
Ill 10
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Appendix C
1003 1003
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Appendix C
1004 1004
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
IN=mwkmas
Appendix D
Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Picea sitchensis
--------------
•
llcpianlrzal indE.c.o.k.810LOMMUMALU
Eke Ex.o.lau
•
Eim Efkats
Rdeicncca
.............
Introductory
SPECIES: Picea sitchensis
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION
Griffith, Randy Scott. 1992. Picea sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer) .
Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [2015, September 25] .
ABBREVIATION
PICSIT
SYNONYMS
NO ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE
PIM
0CWMN All S
Sitka spruce
tideland spruce
coast spruce
yellow spruce
silver spruce
western spruce
Menzies' spruce
Txumawc :
The scientific name of Sitka spruce is Picea sitchensis (Bangard)
Carriere (Pinaceae)
Species within the genus Picea form hybrid swarins at the interface of
their ranges. Sitka spruce naturally hybridizes with white spruce (P.
glauca) to produce Lutz spruce (Picea i LOU Little) E22,2312A.114
it is often difficult to identify Picea X lutzii by morphological
chacteristics in stands with low levels of introgression fZjj .
S,a.tk-a spruce in plantations will -ika�), -u 'hero spruce (Picea
XSO hybridize wiU
jezoensls). so bian spruce (F. o o�. ind Enf;elmann spruce (P.
engelmanniV [122.21,21] .
LIFE FORK
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS
No special status
hup/,Avw%6°fi;fed huW19125P-0115IIID 3227 AMI
Page 100 of 162
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
licca sne earns
Appendix
OTHER STATUS
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
Picea sites sis
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
Sitka spruce®s natural range is a narrow strip of land slang the
northern Pacific coast from south-central Alaska to northern California.
Its widest distribution (130 wiles (210 kml inland) occurs in
southwestern Alaska and northern British Columbia. Its southern
boundary is defined by a disjunct population in Mendocino County,
California (22.3,211 .
Sitka spruce has been extensively introduced hats,, the British Isle�.s
If 3,.!°.,3.::E l
ECOSYSTEMS
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES23 Fir spruce
FRES24 Hemlock e Sitka spruce
FRES27 Redwood
STATES
AEC CA HI OR WA BC YT
ELM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern pacific Boarder
lCC CHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
l O0l. Sl:aruce .... cer:lar .... hemlock forest
K00'2 t.ledar ..... 'heatnl.cac .,,. Dour. ,.s f':I.1:" forest
W006 Redwood forest
K029 Ca.:l..l.fiorinai,.a mixed euseirgreen forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
221 llu:.b,d. alder
222 Black cot:tonwcold m willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock Sitka spruce
227 Western redcedar ® western hemlock
220 Western redcedar
229 Pacific 0a,an,ugl,as.,.fir
2310 Doug 1.a.,.1 fi.r ..... w+te::r,ste:arrn h,enilmack
23'.:I. Port,-orfcrrl....cedar
23.; S1:adwwoocl
S (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
NO„,,,�','NTR3
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES
Sitka s
rrlrr�l u.sla�l�dncaas1 fi. ai�t,rd ,ns,a, dmrom.” I::aarr. s,, r.i.e�s °rsu, lrllte l'wrra.a..�cwri.ana;l
dominant wavers' y 11
I m:' ural. vegetation of Oregon arcnd 'Wasl1,uingtion [,nl,.,,(H,]
Pian,t assa.ar cation ,and management gu ldea Si..u.asl.aw Niat,::ii..oe'nmal, l""rnttest
Pre.1.iminary G Iassificat:i an of forest aregetm:;ion of the 1:re ai. d
laeninsu:.l.,,:a,„ Al.aska
MMAGE14ENT CONSIDERATIONS
Imp PJea°smaa fs.fed,auslrlata elfelslplantsltreriplssltlalt htm1[9P_5r_015 10:32 27 ]
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It GENDA ITEM A , .
Pycca mldlu!nsiir�
Appenft ID
SPECIES: Picea sitchensis
W7.K)D PRODUCTS VALUE ,
Sitka spruce is the most important timber species in Alaska [1] . The
wood, with its high strength to weight ratio, is valuable for use as
turbine blades for wind driven electrical generators, masts for sail
boats, ladders, oars boats, and racing sculls. Ual . Sitka
spruce's high resonant quality makes it valuable Jixi the mums factuire of
piano sounding boards and guitars. The wood from Sitka spruce is also:
used in saw timber. high-grade wood pulp, and plywood [3R_r2a] .,
IMPiORTANCE TO Ya. VESITOCK AND VIII)LIFM ,
Sitka spruce forests in various phases of sur..,cession provide habitat.:, in
many cases critical habitat, for a large variety a:Pf rmuammalss, q,,aaue and
nongame birds, re#.-.)ti..les, and amphibians . Its -value as as
browse species for large ungulates is poor 1113, while It has fair to
good value for some game bir.Jls �,,42,1 .
FALRMABILITY :
Sitka spruce is slightly palatable to large ungulates., It is browsed
wdy in the spring, and then only the new growth �_a,.J.jj . in Alaska and
British Columbia the needles comprise up to 90 percent of the winter
diet of blue grouse EAZ]
NUTR_TT1nKAL VAIIIE
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE
Sl.tka spruce forests provide hiding and thermal cover for a large
variety of mammals. Old-growth Sitka spruce forests in Alaska and
Bxitish Co.lumbia are critical winter habitat for the Sitka door. Old
growth provides thermal cover and acts as a snow screen, allowing easier
access to browse species (21.EL1 . Sitka deer require larve blocks of
old growth from sea Level to the alpine and subalpine environments for:
migrational movements from suinmer to Winter, range jj[.5.1] itka spruce
forests also provide habitat for Roosevelt elk, woodland caribou fill,
Alaskan brown bear, and m,,,mnta.i.n K.poat [JJ .,
Sitka spruce provides good nesting and roosting habitat for avifauna
QZ,aa]. Snags and live trees witho
brken pvid
tops roe nesting habit
ta
for primary and secondary cavity nesters The bald eagle uses
primarily (greater than 90 percent) Sitka spruce for nesting trees ain
Admiralty island [AZI. and also uses them as roosting trees to survey
the incoming breakers for food ill. The peregrine falcon in coastal
British Columbia uses Sitka spruce for platform nesting and secondary
cavity nesting [2- ] .
VALtIE F'OR REHABILITATIO14 OrDISTUR.BED SITES
Sitka spruce is a pioneer species which colonizes glacial moraines as
the glaciers retreat. On the Juneau Icefield, S.i.tka sprt:me has
colonized "nunatacks" Imacky peaks) protruding through the icefield [5].,
Sitka spruce also acted as an aggressive Imomar on uWAfted terrain
from the 1964 earthquake [A]
OTHER USES AND VALtiES ,
Native Americans have used Q.tka spruce for various purposes. The roots
can be woven to produce baskets and rain hats. The pitch was used for
calking canoes EJ), for chewing, and medicirial. purposes
Pioneers split S.itka spruce into shakes for roofing and sirding p.l.j
Sitka spruce also has limited food value for humans, for the i.nner hark
and young shoots may be eaten as emergency food, Tea can be rmrade from
the young shoots
In the first hal.f of this century Sitka spruce provided most of the wood
for structural componenth of World War I and 11 aircraft [5,haj . More
recently it has been used as the nose cones for missiles and space craft
U .
OTHER 11ANArAMtn' CONSIDERhTIONS
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plicea sliellensis AppendW ED
Sitka spruce, as (me of the most important timber species and components
of old-growth habitat, has recently been the center of many management
concerns. Proposals fox changes A timber harvest areas and methods
have been explored by Nyberg and others J�Uj and Schoen and KircVihoff
J,U] . They provide in-depth information and management alternatives.
Wildlife habitat: Even-aged management of the species results in
reduced habitat for the black-tailed deer. Shrub fields created after
clearcutting are of limited use to deer in the winter, The depth of
snow accumolation is greater, and snow persists longer in the clearcuts,
reducing the time available for browsing. The foraae in clearcuts is
less digestible than that grown in the shade of the preharvest stands,
Also the large amount of slash resulting from clearEutting old-growth
Sitka spruce impedes movement of large ungulates, especially during
winter migration. Lastly, once the regeneration has reached canopy
closure (20 to, 301 years), the understory production is greatly reduced
Maas at least: the next 100 years, compared to old-growth stands with
their var.tous stages of regeneration �.J_QZaj .
Alaback �_Ij studied ways to reduce the negative impact of clearcutting
on Sitka deer. Thinning the stands prior to canopy closure (less than
25 years) seems to be the best method for areas already cut. Thinnino..j
to 12 x 12 feet (3.5 x 3.5 rrro spacing results in the most diverse
vegetation. Once canopy closure has occurred rgreater than 30 yearsn,
uneven-aged management practices can result in the creation of gaps in
the canopy, which in turn will allow for a more diverse understory
Damaging agents: Sitka spruce is susceptible to Sitka spruce weevil, or
white pine weevil (Pissodes strobill , spruce aphid (Elatob.imn
abletinum), spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis) , and root rot by
Armillaria millea and Heterobasidian annosum (21).
The Sitka spruce weevil has such a detrimental effect on Sitka spruce in
the lower portion of its range, from southern British Columbia to
northern California, that Sitka spruce is not actively managed for
regeneration there. The Fl generation of the hybrid, Lutz spuce, yields
a tree 100 percent resistant to weevil attack, but growth rate is
sacrificed. Back-crossing the Fl generation with Sitka spruce increases
the growth rate, but up to 50 percent of the progeny are susceptible to
weevil attack JAL) . Also, although Lutz spruce is less susceptible to
the Sitka spruce weeviL it is more susceptible than Sitka spruce to the
spruce beetle [221.
Sitka spruce is susceptible to wind throw, which can account for up to
00 percent of the mortality within stands. Regeneration from gap phase
replacement, ho,wever, is rapid U51 .
Control: Chemical shrub control is often required to regenerate Sitka
spruce successfdUy foU&Wmg harvest QTj1j .
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Picea sitchensis
... ....... ...........................................
GENERAL BOTANICAL M-MRACTERISTICS ,
Sitka spruce is a native. long-lived 1greater than 80101 years),
evergreen, monaecious tree JZjQjj. Female strobili are produced at the
ends of primary branches near the top, while the male strobili are
positioned lower in the tree on secic,�ndary branches 12,41 .
Sitka spruce is the world's largest spru ce. it can obtain heights of
greater than 210 feet (65 m) with a d.b.h., of 16 feet (5 m) an better
sites 12AI. The base of the bale isi buttressed [�LM . When forest grown
the hole is long and free o,f lower lim.bs
The root system of Sitka sprucip. is shallow arhd platelike with long
lateral roots with few branchings. On deep well-drained soils the root
system may reach depths of 6.5 feet 12 m), especially an alluvial sails.
Root grafting often occurs between rolats of the same tree and ad3acent
trees J22,211.
RAUNKrAER LIFE FORM
Phanerephyto
ANMI
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11111c'ea slullicnSil" Appenclix D
REI=HERAT11:0111 PROCESSES
Si.;ka spruce riegnroduces both sexuall- and asexua.l.l.y, Sexual maturity
,varies from 20 to 40 years. Dispersal. of seeds is moi.r!iture c1ependent;
when the ripe cones dry the seed is dist.:niersed, and when the conies become
wet again they close. To avoid loss of seeid, cones should be collectedl
se,),(::bn a- ftir..,.r r.i.pening The seeds -are small with a mean of 210,1300
cleaned seeds per pound Il467,W)13/kg) .11 . The germination rate is 54
percent, but this carer be raised to 66 percent by mo;kstening 'the
germ.:Lnat6on mied1urvi wit1h a 0.2 pera:',ien't potassium nitrate (KNO3) solution
U4 -
Germination i..s epigeaZ. Sitica spruce seed w.:Lll gerrainate ion almost any
stibst-.rate, althot.igh nmirner,aL soil or a mixturrro of saineral soi.1 and organic
are considered 11;he 1-)est seedbeds �2A] . The "nurse lq.:)g syndrome"
has as key roLe in the riE.'qeneration of Bitka spruce in ilts wettier
environs �J ., Germ:inatlon and seedling siinrvival areL..Jreater oin
irotting !Logs then. ion the fores1l: floor. In a germination S'1l::udy Dass than
I percent of the seeds in as moss mat germinateiii, and of r,:heqe 30 percent
were killecl within a month by fungi [211 . 9,11urse log syndrome results in
a "colonnaide" where there aria, sir,,.%rera.1 trees in as row with the roots
sur;ipi,,xir.:ting the bole in mid-&J.r after the nurse log has rotted away
Seed1inig estab.1-isbment and rgowth can, be enhanced with the inoculati,on of
thie xvii,vicorKhizal fungi, Thelephora ter:restris �JLAL) .,
Sitka spruce !shows strong trend:.s in harf.Jiness and grawth in rel.ation to
geograj,.:Phic f.xrig..i.nat ion. 'Phase trends can bin used tio increase irp.rolwth
rate, kjut they can also have adverse effects on, survival. jZL,ja1j .
Lestez: and others, EMR Provide informat-ion on seed sourc,*,s, outt,.)Lanting
results, hari:liiness, anid growth rat'ie trii:Mds.
Sitka spruce reproduces aae:nnjally by, layering. This usually takes place
in moist areas or at timberline Cuttings frogn cur'riant
year 0 s growti root unf,:n.re reaflily than olde�r branches �2A)
SITE CHARACTERVBTICS -.
Sitka spruce occurs in the hype:i::miarJ..time to marit..Line cool mesothermal
climat-.es, III., It occurs lFrom shoreUne to tignberline in the
novthern portion of its range but is restri.cted Ita shoreline in the
southern portion of its ranigii:'!, JL) . Sitka spruce grow,,; blast ion sites
With deep, moist, well -dram need scalls =,I ., It can tolerate the Salty
oi::'.ean spray oJIF seaside dunes, hieadlands, and be,..kches, and tile brackish
water of bogs (aAl . Sitka spriace is limited to areas i:af high annual
precipitation with cool, moist suntmers LI-fi.,2,a) .
Soil: SJ.tka spruice has a stm.:wrnq !afd:': tit,y r5or soils in cal,ciiairt,
and phosjphort:ils in tfi'la, soil o iders EnIL:is,(::a1s, 1.31podosolss„
Incept.i.sols, and H.istii:bsol,s< These soils are usually acidic with pH
typically ranging from 4m0 to 5""d L2AJ .,
Elevation: Sitka spruce grows from level. tio timber.l.ine in klaskal (0
to 3,900 feet mj ) �!a) with ele'vatiwia.l limi.tat-l.ans i[rHf 2,000
feet {6W) unp in Washkii-Agton and 1,500 feet 1450 min Oregon and
Califoriaia 11-al .
Associates: In addit..m.:in tf.:) tho:se listesJ tinidii::".:r Distribut::-5.on and
Occurrence, S.:Ltka sprtu:::e's overstory associates include mounti:l..iri hemlock
dTsiag,a mir..,.rtemsiana), rAlaska-ceidar (11'-'Kamaecyparis nowt;:katensis)
lodgepo.le pine fPanus conntoz.ta) , and western r hite pine W. monticio.1a)
Understfory assoc.-iiates include westir..,.:i::m swit.lrdfern CPolystichiam allunitum)
false li.ly-of-the-vallii�r, (maianthemum dum ,streams
ilatat �, violet (Viola
iglabella�, evergreen violet [V. seimpervirensli, read httic.k.3.eberry
Waccinium peau:i::"vifoliurn), de,vils club (Oplopainam horrli.dcis), salmonNui::ry
(Rii.:ibus spectablis), and thimbleberry (R. parv,ifl.orus) C'2.4,1 "
SIL1CCESS11:10HAL STATUS :
Sitka spruce is a sl,nadm-i.irip:;ir.)Ierari't species x.3.3,4 that is both a pioneer
and a climax speciias� Sitka sj,.�.lrioce ac'i�:s as an early' pIng'keer on the
undeveloped so.ils oE landslAides, sand dunes, uplifted beaches, and
,deglaciated it is an cLimax species in the coasta forests
SEAS011WILL DV[FE1nY.-',*4LHT
E'lowering and seed di,spersal idatias for Sitka spruce in Alaska and OKegl(:ln
are as folliows 1.22,511]
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AGENDA ITEM #2.a.
Picea stichensis Appendix D
Flowering Fruit Ripens Seed Dispersal.
Alaska April to JWW Mite fn g. to mid-Sept. Starts in Oct
Oregon May Aug Oct. to Spring
Seed dispersal is moisture dependent; when the ripe cones dry dispersal.
begins. The majority (73 percent) of seed are Wspersed in the first 6
weeks; the remainder are released over the nex.'t. year 11:4„1 .
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Picea sitchensis
FIRE ECOLCGY OR ADAPTATIONS
Fire 1.s noil: an irnportant fa=or in the imn1migy of Sitka spruice [11. 1 ts�
ttmrn t.)ark ancl ia root system i i.t very tio,
damage 11,Rl. Sitka spruce forests have a We zvVme oE Imi -interval
!150 to 35NK years) severe craism or surEace fires whim:::h resul.t in total.
stand replacement
FIRE REGIMES :
Find We zygle information for the plaint commuinitic.i!s ilia which this
speciesFmay occur by entering the spRies inanie in the f��JEU llgrae Page, under
"Find ire Regimes".
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY
Secondary colconizer - offsite seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Ricca sitidhensis
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
The immediate ef feat of a coal to hnit fire is damige to the =01mi
layer. usually resulting in i of the trema
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
Sit ka spar uca will invade a burned site via wind-disperseid seed from
adjacent unburned forests [111 . Winid-dLspersed seed travels 33 to 880
yards 792 m� From the parent tree [2.11.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
Arguments for and against slash burning r sill rtxe forests recur
throughout this literature. The strategy chosen 033. yteld different
rewWs, depend,ing on latitude.
In the northern portion of Sitka spruce"s range broadcast burning wil.l.
favor SWka spruce over western hemlack, but unless Sitka. spruce is
planted, seedling establishment will be delayed until the raix't seed crop
[11,21,Al,IM . Ruth and Flarris [&2,J1 list the an
dvatags eof slash
burning as follows:
Il.'0 Reduces Eir%e hazard
(2) t)estx.oy5 advance regeneratioin
(3) changes timber type
This can have both positive and negative ramifications. It reduces
competition with western hemlock, but grmth of Sitka spruime seedlings
in one study was reduced [111 ,
In the southern portion of its range Waiad,sast buming W11 favor the
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................................................................................................. ...........................................................................................................
11WM Wnms Appendh D
establishment of Douglas-fir (Paeudotsuga menziesiii imrb.Xed forest, while
long-term fire exclusion will result in loss of Douglas-fir from the
ovexstory. This is advantageous due to the in.creasn*d stumpage value of
Douglas-fir and the negative impacts of the spruce weevil JIM!] .
In the coastal area of Alaska, broadcast burning has been recommended to
reduce the negative aesthetic value of large quantities oE slash from
clearcut old growth Sitka spruce forests.
However, removal of the slash by burning in Sitka spruce forests is not
required becanne of the to rapid decay in that moist environment JAR] .
aii.n.-n.ing is snot recommended an steep slopes and where water quality may
be degraded U%jal.
REEM RENCES
Bicea sitchensis
....................................
RFJFEnL1[QrES
:1. Alaback, Paul B. 1982., Dynamics of understory bl.omass in Sitka
spruce .western hemlock fo.rests of southeast Alaska. Ecology. 63(6) :
1932-1948. p73051
2. Alaback, Paul B. 1984. Plant succession following Wg#ng in the Sitka
spruce-western hemlock forests of southeast Alaska. Gem Tech- Rep.,
PNW-173. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of AgAculture. Forest Servwce,
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Exper.l.me6t Station. 26 p. J7849)
3. Alaback, Paul B.; Herman, F. R. 1900. LwW-term respmme of un%rstory
vegetation to stand density in Picea-Tsuga forestg. Canadian Journal of
Forest Research. 1B., 1522-1530. E6227:11
4. Alden, John N. 1988. Species selection for forest development in Alaska.
in: Slaughter, Charles N.; Gasbarra, Tony, eds. Proceedings of the
lli,laska forest so.i.l. productivity workshopi Proceedings of a workshop,
1.987 April 28-30; Amchorage, A.K. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW GTR-219. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Foriest Service, Pad:-ifl.c Northwest
Research Station: 110-AZO. ISS841
5. Arn., , Stephen F. Hammerly, Ramona P. 11917. Northwest trees. Seattle,
WA. rhe Mountaineers. 222 p. [42081
6. Amo Stephen F. Hammerly. Ramona X, 19&4 TiWmmline: Hmmain 8nd
arctic forest frontiers. Seattle. WA: The Mountaineers. 304 p. J3391
1. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distributdion, of mammal's,
reptiles, and amphibians by SIM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations far the eleven western states. Tech. Note 31011.. Denver, C0*
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
E4341
0. Brown, Arthur A.; Davis, Kenneth P. 1973. Forest fire control and use.,
2nid ed. New "Turk; RicGraw Hill. 6.86p. �,159931
9. Campbell, R. Wayne; Paul, Marilyn A. Rodway, Michael S.; Carter, Harry
R. 1970. Tree-nesting peregrine falcans in nr.itish Columbia. Condor.
79(4) : 51001-501. (13724)
10. Cbutts, N. P.; Nicoll, B. C. 1990. Growth and survival of shoots, roots,
and mycorrhizal mycelium in clonal Sitka spruce during the first grawing
season after planting. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research. 210;
861-868. E120951
11. Cowan lan NcTaggart. 1945. The ecological relatLanships of the food of
the Columbian black-tailed deer, Gdoccileus hemianus coltuftbianusi
(R.ii chaidsonl, in the c, forest region southern Vancouver Island, British
Columbia. Ecological Monographs. 151211 : 110-139. [160061
12. Deal, Robert L.; Oliver, Chadwick Bearing; Bormanirk, Bernard T. 1.991.
Reconstruction of mixed hemlock-spruce stands in coastal southeast
Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 21: 643-654. (146731
13. Eyre, F. H., ad. 19BO. Forest cover types of the Umited States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 140 p. [905:1
14. Feller, H. C. 1982. The ecological effects of slashburninq with,
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A GFNDA ITS M #2.a
Pon mwkwis Appendx D
paxticuLar reference to British ColwAia: as literature review victoria,
BQ Ministry of Forests. 60 P. 110470)
15. Franklin, Jerry F. 1998. Pacific Northwest forests. In: Barbour, Michael.
G.; Billings. William Dwight, eds. North American terrestrial.
vegetation. Cambridge; Ne%� 'York: Cambridge tPniver-sity Press: 103-130,
113819:11
16. Franklin. Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. 1973., Natural vegetatifmi of Oregon
and Washington. Sen. Tech. Rep. Pl�,W-B, Portland, OR, U.S. Department of
Agriculture. Forest Servile, Pac.ific tlorthwest Forest and Range
Experiment Statinn. -EFF 1p. [901]
17. Garrison George A.; Sjugstad, Ardell J.; DunaDan A
cn, .; [and others).
1977., wegetaEion and environmental features of forest and rainge
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475, Washington, DC: U.S. De[.,.*rkment of
AWUculture, Forest Service. 68 p. 1990.1
18. Gratkowski, H. 1977. Site preparation and conifer release in Pacific
Northwest forests. In: Proceedings, 27th annual weed conference; [Date
of conference unknown]; Yakima, NA. EPIace of pubLicat.-.Loin unknown] .
[Publisher unknown]. 29-32. [17160)
19. Hanley, Thomas A.p Robbins, Charles T., Spa ll.inger, Dona.ld F.. 1989.
Parest habitats and the nutritional ecor .ogy of Sitka black-tailed deer:
a research synthesis with implications for forest management. Gen. Tech.
Rep, PNW-GTR-230. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 52 p. C7509�
20. Harmon, Mark E. 1989. Retention of needles and seeds on in Picea
sitchensis Tsuga heterophylla forests of ca,,Pastal Oregon and
Washington. Canadian Journal of Botan, 0: 1033 .1837. �7984:11
21. Hamon Hark E.; Frankla.n, Jerry F. 1989. T:ree seedl-ings on logs in
R.i.cea-Tsiaqa forests of Oregon and Washington. Ecology. 70V17 : 46 .59.
1130021
22. Harris. A. S. 1966. Effects of slash burning an conifer regeneration in
southeast Alaska. Research Note NOR 10. Juneau, AR: U.S. P:.)ej.,.aartment of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Norkhern Fmmst RMeNment Station- 6 p.
[73041
23. Harris, A. S. 1978. Distribution, genetics, and silvical characteristics
of Sitka spruce. In: Proceedings, IU11'.-'R0 Joi nt Poe et.ing Workshop Parties;
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Ministry of Forestry. Information Service Branch: 95-122. [77B5)
24. Harris, A. S. 1990. Picea sitcbensis (Bong.) Cary. Sitka sprt=e. In.
Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., techna.cal. coordinators. Silvics
of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric., Hand1b. 654. Washington, DC,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Serv.i.ce., 260-26"7. iC 1:"3 3 8 91
25. Harris, Jbhn. 1903. Wildlife on managed Eorested lands. In: O1.Lo?.v.7..h1Ln,
Jennifer; Pfister, Robert D., eds. Management of second Irowth forests.,
The state of knowledge and research needs: Proceedings of a gymposium;
1902 May 14; Missaul.a, MT. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School.
of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservati011 Eaxperiment Station,
2109-221. [71.02)
26. %wkes, B. C.; Feller, M. C.; Meehan, in. 1990. Site preparation: fire.
In: Lavender, D. P.; Parish. R.; Johnsion, C. M.; l[and other.,$), eds.
Regenerating British Columbia's forests. Vancotiver, BC: Una.versLty of
British Columhm..a Press. 131 149, 1[107'1,21
27. Hemstrq,:)m, Miles A., Logan, Sheila E. :1986. Plant association and
management guide; Siuslaw National Forest. Rn&ml 229WHa. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacitic Northwest
Region. 121 p. [10321]
2B. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, ArtAw. 19D. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. Seattle, WK University of Washbngton Press. 730 0 111681
29. Holsten, Edward H; Werner, Richard A. 1990. (:.omjpar.ison of white, Sitka,
and Lutz spruce and hosts of the spruce beetle A iklaska. Canadian
Journal of Forestry Research. 20: 292..Q97. JIM421
30. Hosie, R. Q 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7t1h ad. Ottawa, ON. Canad;ian
Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p. 13375]
A" Hulten, Erix. 19M. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories.,
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1.000 p. 1134031
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.......................................................................................................
K°wea suKu:llumms Appw%ICD
32. Ki.i..nKraa„ K.; Fe.1.:K..era H. C.; Green, R. H.; [and eatlhe:rr.s;,] , 1990. K?.co:K.ro¢g.n..cani
pr:a..mm".n.p:T..es: applications. n: Lavender. D. P.; Parish, R.r Jol"nnsr,n, C.
M.; [and others), eds. Regenerating British Columbia's forests.Vancouver, BC: N:Un:i..ueerrs.i.ty caf II:1nri.R::i.slhi Columbia Press:
33„ K:II.¢ii.nnka?aa KC.,,; Kranj7naa,, ay„ v:J Cea.skaa„ R.,, Scaa el.„ A. FL 1989. Indicator
plants aa.f.' coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, K::sC, K.Kra.i.ver:^¢.ity of Br..V:o.tisK,
Columbia lPr'esas" 288 Ka, Q1W1"NCK;3)
34, KCraaji..naav V. J.; KK1..i.nkaaa KF. ;v W orraall.p J. 1982" KP:a..strr:i.bun&r:.n.raun and
ecological characteristics of trees and slhn:mbs of If::6ar.:.i..tish Columbia.
Vancouver, K1C, University of C°:sar.i..t.i.^slh Columbia, Department of lBo:tasny and
Faculty of Forestry. 1.2U gs„ [gin 281
5. KCru ckelnerely A. R. 1982. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific
Northwest. Seattle: University of Ha.sagn:K..nggtrnn°n Press. 252 , 1998011
36„ Ke;.ry8.i,.ery O'aarrues T.; Ruth, Robert H. 1961, Effects of tnea:rbici..des on
a sa:i.rn.oMernr:y and an S.a.tka spruce and western Kneur¢.1..ock seedlings. Needs.
9(:'.-., 416-422. 1[66081
7. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Maanuanl to accompany the snap: of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United states. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
1 mer.i.canneoiyrra.niphiim.ai. Society. 77 p„ X13841
38. Lester, D. ".1.°"; r:K..u°ng, C. C„; Konni;shi.„ 0. 0. 1990 GensUc cr,aaurol and
improvement of planting stock. In, Lavender, D. P.; Parish, R.; Johnson,
C. M.a' [and others], eds. Regenerating British IColuacanbi.gaas Forests.
Vancouver, Ir Q University of British Col.uarrulo:"r..aa Press: 180-192. [;1.gylly
39" Lyon, :Na, Jack; St:ic1r.n"neya Peter F. 19'.KWr" aa:ir.:I.!V ,vegetal succession
following large rne:na:t:haea;rn Rocky Mountain wildfires. in: Proceedings, Taall.l..
Timbers fire ecology conference au.nrN Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire anneal land management symposium; 1.974 October 8-1.0N Missoula, 1!M'.li". No.
1.4. Tallahassee, FL: Tall '.N°.i,.mbenrs Research Station: 355-373. 111.40Sa1
4f.). Minors, Dmn. 1979. Comparative su.tecoluagi aal.. characteristics of
northwestern tree sgue2ie,s•---au. literature :re,viewv¢. (Ken., Tech. Rep. l'NU'W--87.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department Of Agri C'I.a:q.R::uren Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Forest and Range IliGnxper°:i.mnent `"btat.i.o n. 72 ga. �ri65!.D1
41. Mitchell, Russel G.; Wright, Kenneth If H.; J'c:finis+:sn, Norman li . 1990. If.:Ugazm;;nagaa
by the a:itkaa spruce weevil QK":u..nsasc'ades ,strobil and growth patterns :Ifao:r: :1...0
spruce species eW hybrids hoer 26 ;yews in the Pacific l+No.x:thnwaest. Rees.
Pap, 9tKfinl-C;tKW 434, Portland, K:VK" : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Reaseaarch Sta!at::.i..+rorrn. 12 fro. 1.151271
42. Meehan, William R. 1974. The forest ecosystem of southeast Alaska : 4„
Wildlife habitats. Caen. ".fa=aO Rep, PI!"KWN--Ifa„ Portland, OR: U.S., Department
of Rgri.cultuu:rev Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forestand Range
f„xpeer.,i.uma:ant Station. 32 p" [1.34791
43. Nyloenrg, i., Brian; McNay Rv Si,^,re:nk.t; Kirchoff® Matthew D.„ land others) .
1999. Integrated management of timber and deers coastal forests of
British Columbia .and Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNM'.....a,;°K'Ce-226. Ogden, U17:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Paac;:k..fiar: Imorll::fuwe st
Research Staatiron, R5 Via. 174681
44. Paurxm.i..antery John. 1991. Fire history and effects On 'w,vegetaati.ran in P..:Kn.x:ee
bio geaescl ii.maant.ic zones of British �.ol..uaumhi.a. :'Kan: K4oc.tvi n, ':!,tepbean C.,
Waldrop. Thomas A., eds. Fire and the environment: ecological and
cual.tua:raal perspectives: Proceedings of an inte®rnant.i..conasl s!,iM osi.auam; 1990
March 20--24; Knoxville, TN. Genn. Tech. Rep., E-69. Asheville. NC; U.S
Department of Agriculture, Kr"o est Service, Southeastern Forest,
st,
Expaar.i.rume nt. Station: 2P8:3-272. [1.6651.1
45., Ranu.airnlri..a.e:rua C. 1934. The life farms of plants and st,at.i..sti.caal plant
geography. m.¢.uc.tl'ord: C.1a:renrKrrrrn Press. 632 p. L204:31
46„ Reynolds, Keith M. 1990. Preliminary classification of :forest vegetation
of the Kwena.i.. Peninsula, Alaska. Res. Pap. W*NwRWMN RP 424., W'lort.laund, OR.
U.S. Kbrt::Ipaar'tnment. of Agriculture, K~'"rco:rest: Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 67 p. 11.481:111
47. IIobuuclwa air. Wayne. 1985. The common plants of the muskegs of southeast
Alaska.. Mi..usce l.l.aanvnaous Pu blicaat iion?Juli.y 1!85. Portland, OR: U.S.
Depaaurtment. of Agriculture. K,"o.x:eswt Service, Pacific NNro:rthwest. Forest and
Range Kaoupear.i..amer'nt Station. 131 p. E11.5561
48., lfkua&Q Robert H. .1.974. Regeneration and growth of west-side mixed
UuKklln:l.n....r......s.la wi.u.usk�g:¢9,�q ,nr„�If'�¢,rnlgaVmunN"s¢aa clg$ur snyanll�1ttNu'unp�^AA25il�K�Ke1'1 k,".N dM.N q�
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conifers. :In., caimer, Owen P., ed. Environmental effects of forest
residues in the Pacific Northwest. A state..-of-knowledge compendium. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PiiW-24. Portland, OR., U..S.. Department of Agrxculture, Forest;
Service, Pacific NorthwestForest anq,:] Range Experiment Station., K-1 to
K-21. (6381)
49. Ruth, Robert 11- Harris, A. S. 1975., Forest residues in hemlock-spruce
forests of the Pacific Northwest and Alaskaa state-of-knowledge review
w. recouumanda t ions for residue mgmt. Gen. Tech., Rep. PNW-39. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station,, !152 p. 1f151251
50. Safford, L. 0. 1974. Picea A. IDiet.r. spruce. En. Sq.!%opmeyer, C. S., ed.
Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450.
Washington, DC. U.S. Department of Aricu.lture, Forest Service: 587-597.
X7 7 2 81
51. Schoen, John W., Kirchhoff, Matthew D. 1990. Seasonal habitat use by
Sitka black tailed deer on Adm.:Lralty Island, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife
Management. 54W,3) : 371-378. [119400
52. Smith, Kimberly G. 1980. Nongame birds of the Rocky Mountain spruce-fir
forests and their management. In: DeGraaf, Richaid M., technical
coord.unator. Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame
birds. Workshop proceedings; .1980 February 11-14, Salt Lake City, UT.
Gen, Tech. Rep. INT-86. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station-
258-279. 11.17910�
53. Stednick, John D.; Tripp, Larry N.; McDonald, Robert J.. 1982. Slash
burning effects on soil and water chemistry in southeastern Alaska.
Journal of Sg,ail anid Water Conservation. 379:X' : .126-128. X8606]
54., U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scient.i.fic plant names. 'Vol, .1. List of plant names.
SCS.TP159. Wash:Lngton, DC. 416 p„ V115731
55. Viereck, Leslie A.; Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1972. Alaska trees and
shrubs. Agric. 91andb. 4.10. washington, DC., U.S,, Department of
Agr:ie.un.itu.s.re® Forest Service., 265 p. �68B41
56. Wiens, John A. 1975. Avian communities, energetics, and functions in
coniferous forest habitats. In- Smith, Dixie R, technical coordinator.,
Proceedings of the symposium on management of :Forest and range habitats
for nongame birds; 1,975 May 6-9; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech., Rep., WO-1,
Washingtori, W2. U.S., Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 226 265.
p 17-773.11
57., Worrell, R.; Malcolm, D. C. 1990., Productivity of Sitka spruce in
northern Britain. 1. The effects of elevation and climate. Forestry.
63(2) . 105-118. p11762)
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Appendix
,;, fnirnan p �f..,
iflafimlwl�K Ari f=ti1"1'fmm iw FOREV-f 'TI Ai,"`HER t" t�IU a�llcnan�a li a
..ralbllr of Crroirairalp.
haunt hiriw a*Matrix
I:Rr,e-test Irgforo�aalhcm
...................._
_ .......................................................,,,,
Tree I[taraic°,:;aerrvilion
iviirrnpru"nent t ec itYoin
.................................................I...........................................
I't...:.rea'l
TPHYSIOLOGY ;l��w,riiro.-u�'a,
w.�"tecplIti.go.n�u; ,,,, ,t,l,......a" "," , .o
t allance° Section
iii
Inllernet,Ii rnllrs
l let.irei tees
Quite a bit of time is spent on tree physiology,,which is key to understanding many of our ""................""""""""""""'N
forest management practices,especially the concepts of shade toleranceand vegetation t r...d..t
,,,,,,,,,pl I„n, ;lwy�,
succession.Additionally,the topicsof forest health, hydrologic cycle,and nutrient cls
are discussed.
This is a fairly long section for several reasons. One,it provides the basis for much of what is addressed later in
terms of forest management.Two; it has many connections to the Michigan Curriculum standards,particularly in
science.Three,there are a lot of neat activities and observations associated with the topic.
Concept List: Little Known or Interesting ctoi s About Tree Physiology
.I'„g;nth:.1'q acp;si i p:s...gf„IIS Life Trees both produce AND consume oxygen.
...1;?I;"t'..,.E a"i'':Is' Y forests capture more ca the atmosphere than old forests.
Il,p,1p ;yuIII::I;I;1.p.u ... .1: ....lf ; p;iilr::p,Ili,tair,n, Off forests have m storedcarbon in the biomass than you forests.
t Ilpll0u c�pllnylll{ • e than produce themselves are sugars,
Tree Grrawth The purpose otpholosynthesm is to capture and store energy,
...........................................
If::aii II ti u„t In pl g ti Green lighf is the only part of the visible tight spectrum that plants can't use,
"c aul:;u l421 The timing of Autumn color change is largely controlled by lengthening nights.
y,ri r e n aq„"Ilµp c l,g!r:pw, • Conifers a les each fall,just the same as broad f trees
11::::.111..........................1.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Ifpg" Ip. . "g, fI ;p" , Trees grow d rings each y r, one the spring a another dun the summer,
„ ... ; ..... IIIl
Swamp treas don't necessarily prefer swamps.
... lair Arlatq;&;g i,uaiw,l:l,+. Tree species have highly variable requirements for light,nutrients,and moisture.
.........Ili.i,,,,,,,,,,.,..,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
• ns produce more oxygen and store more carbon than forests.
Some lmgortant Terms
• Photosynthesis • Annual Rings
• Respiration • Springwood&Sum a o0
• Oxygen Cellulose
• Carbon Dioxide • ycorrhizae
• Trophic Level Producer
• Food Chain Consumer
• Chlorophyll Glucose
• Anthocyanin Shade Tolerance
• Carotenoid Crown
• Abscission Layer • Canopy
• Cambium Compartmentalization
• Meristem
The Necessities of Life
The following is brief discussion of each of six key requirements for treesMore detail of some topics its found
later in this guide.
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1.Sugars supplied by photosynthesis.Air and water are chemically recombined to form glucose,which stores
energy captured from the sun.Oxygen is a byproduct.
2.Water is required for most metabolic activities and serves as a vehicle to carry materials through a tree,A
large tree may move as much as 50-100 gallons of water on a hot summer day„
3. Nubients.It's not how much of a particular nutrient exists in the environment,it's a matter of how available
the nutrient is to the tree. For example,the atmosphere is largely composed on nitrogen,but trees can only use
nitrogen in forms that have been altered by soil bacteria and other organisms.The major chemical elements
used by plants are:carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,phosphorus,potassium,nitrogen„ sulfur,calcium,iron;and
magnesium.You might be able to remember this by a jingle formed using the abbreviations for these elements-
O P K N S Ca Fe Mg. . ."see hopkins %,might good."
.Hormones and enzymes.These chemicals are critical in the controlling the timing and activity of
physiological processes.They are usually produced in the roots or leaves.We don't often think of plants having
"hormone"deficiencies,but they are critical to the survival of any organism,including trees.
5. Mycorrhizae. Pronounced 'my-core-1-11-zee",this a group of beneficial fungi associated with most tree roots.
It represents an ecologically symbiotic relationship where the fungi receive food from the tree and the trees
receive greatly enhanced nutrient and water absorption.Mycorrhizae will also protect tree roots from other
invading fungi.There tends to be very specific species relationships between fungus and tree.
6, Environmental factors.A tree needs an appropriate mix of precipitation,temperature,sunlight,and soils in
order to thrive,These factors need to occur at the right time Each tree species has a different set of
environmental requirements. Changing climate will lead to changing environmental factors,which can lead to
changes in forest ecosystems,
�Act8ar3�s� �d�ora5
E r r no��r r�md'lrllil�!
Refuni
i
Tree Parts
The parts and structure of a tree has obvious components and some
not so obvious components„ Dernidon of brae: A woody perennial plant,
typically JeTe and with a well-defined stem or
What makes a tree a tree? stems carrying a more or less definite crown-
note,sometimes defined as allaining a
First„a tree has alt the characteristics of green plants. Beyond that,a ,minimum diameter of5inches and minimum
tree is a tali plant with woody tissue. It has the capability to"push"its height of15 feet at melu*with no branches
crown(the primary location for photosynthesis)above other within 3 feet of the ground,
vegetation competing for light. Also,,most people don't readily
connect trees with having flowers but they do, although our conifers -Society of American Fomsters, 1998
(pines„spruces,firs, etc.)don't have true flowers with pals Is, The
�� P11 „
reproductive structures of each species are particularly unique and ,,,, �, �tir� ro;�' ���
° 66�n
are used more than any other structure to categorize trees, This ” ,o
categorization is salted taxonomy. The lolee udenlolltaon section
talks more
about taxonomy" 1%,
'/q muor�
A tree has a dilemma in terms of gathering its resources, It has a ��� ��� figh
distinct light-galhering advantage of having its leaves high above �'
other plants, but there is the problem of getting water and soil
nutrients to the upper tissues. The microenvironment in the upper
the
canopy e freei the rorather hostile
to sensitive tissues. At the other end of
dependentupon materials produced way up in
the crown This problem of course is solved by the structure of the
tree trunk,or bole„a most distinctive feature of trees.
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Appendix E
Most of a tree trunk is dead woody tissue and serves only to support the weight of the crown. The very outside
layers of the tree consists of bark.. Underneath the bark is a cork cambium layer that generates new bark.
Under the cork cambium lies a thin band of phloem,which is living tissue that transports materials from the
crown to the roots, Under the phloem is another vascular cambium zone that produces both new phloem cells
and new xylem cells, The wider band of xylem,or sapwood,transports water to the crown,but is not
necessarily hiving, The innermost portion of the trunk is non-living heartwood,which is a repository for many
waste products of the tree's living tissue. Only a thin band around the trunk,roughly a centimeter wide,is living
tissue.
Each year,a tree grows a pair of annual rings(TWO rings each yearly. In the spring,the usually wider and
thinner-walled layer grows, It is called"s rin woo ". In the summer,through about mid-July,a usually darker
and thicker-walled layer is produced. It is called"su m ood". Annual rings are typical in temperate forest
trees and tropical forest trees that have regular,annual dry seasons. In tropical humid rainforests,trees grow
continually and do not have rings. The oldest portion of a tree is at the bottom and on the inside.
Parts List
Without going into a lot detail„important parts of a tree are:
. eaf or ne�edles
Leaves Broad-t the primary site of photosynthesis and the
reduction of hormones and other chemicals
Twigs frompspeciesctorspecies by growth strategy. Can
i
Support structure fruits. Arrangement varies
y. sometimes have
Branches photosynthetic tissues. Two kinds of growth tissue,at the twig tips and
cambium under the bank.
The upper region of the tree made up of leaves,twigs,branches,
Crown flowers,and fruits. Crowns of many trees are collectively caped he
" "canopy",
May have both female&malearts,or onlyone or the other, ...
prnn � Some
Flowers f trees are either all female or all male(e.g.aspen),. Flowers may have a
full complement of flower parts,or may be missing certain elements.
Conifers do not have petals and associated structures.
_ _
Fruits & All trees have seeds. Most trees have seeds inside fruits. Most fruits
Seeds are NOT edible,but many are,such as apples,cherries,nuts,etc. i
a,,Wrtr.auu n.. I._.. ���n xmrvmmrv.anxw�w.x nnni nnnni n..... xmwiM ux a. xmn�wm mwiwaw�iurmrz..... . w�wnb�b WbaINM4�4uNJA4"o
Most definitions of trees include a single bole"concept,but many of our 1
Trunk or tree species sometimes occur with multiple stems. The main functions
Bole of a trunk are transport and support. The trunk has growth tissue calied
cambium.
A highly variable tree part. The main function is to protect the sensitive
Bark living tissues from weather and predation(by animals,,insects fungi,
etc.)
Roots serve two main functions;collection of nutrients and water,and
anchoring the tree. Roots also have growth tissue,bark,and wood
Roots Like twigs and branches,roots have two kinds of growth tissue,at the
twig tips and cambium under the bark. Fine root hairs are where
absorption occurs.
WaMty.ugginda a
Villi::Beirldhinarks ������ IIIL udu - ,fir r ria caurs r
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Appendix E
mmnrtumtrl o.................................................. ............
„re
Photosynthesis and Respiration
All trees(most plants)both photosynthesize and respire, Photosynthesis is a process unique to green plants
and produces sugars,,which are"tree food,"Animals only respire and cannot produce their own food.That's
why plants are called"producers"and animals are called"con a ."
Photosynthesis can be visualized in a couple ways.
• Sugars produced are analogous to a"'solar battery.°" The sugar is a chemical way to store energy for
future use(metabolism').
• Trees produce their own food. We call"tree food"sugar. These sugars are not usually of the chemical
structure of refined sugar and don't usually taste sweet,but the basic organic components are similar,
The basic chemical formula for photosynthesis is
Inputs: 6 carbons,24 oxygens,24 hydrogens
Outputs:6 carbons,24 oxygens,24 hydrogens
Note:Inputs and outputs must balance in a chemical equation. In other words, what goes in, must come out!
IN
15 Carbon o +Water+EVERGY Glucose n
".".".
Summary equation for photosynthesis
Energy is stored in the bonds of sugar molecules such as"glucose"and"fructose."Oxygen is a by-product or
photosynthesis.The oxygen molecules produced y photosynthesis are not necessarily the same oxygen
molecules the plants use for respiration.
These sugars are later broken apart and the released energy drives a variety of metabolic actions.The process
of breaking down these sugars is called"respiration,"It is the same process that animals(and people)use
when they respire(not to be confused with"breathing"),So,either the plant uses its own stored sugars,or some
animal(or decomposer)consumes the plant,and uses the stored sugars.In either case,the sugars are valued
chemicals because they contain energy,as well as important elements(carbon,hydrogen„and oxygen).
Cs H f:0,e ( ( ) 7D/ox/de
NiN0'
t � (".c + OtT
mary equation
ion
What does a tree use its photosynthate for(glucose and fructose)inaddition to to energy storage and subsequent release? App Concept-The rule of thumb,
• Cell walls are made of cellulose(Cs�ioOs).Cellulose shows up Plants are able to'ix'a 10%of the solar
is
in many plant parts in combination with other molecular energy that reaches plant surf s(usually
elements. It i not only vital to the tree,but is also very less, vert. 'Fixi '" ns converting
solar energy into chemical energy(sugars)
in
that c sume plants,are able to
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Appendix E
important material for people(wood,lumber,fuel,fibers, extract about 10%of the energy stored in the
chemical extracts,energy,etc.). plant Organisms Mot consume other
consumers can extract onk about 10%of the
• Production of carbohydrates such as sugars(C61-11206), energy stored in their pray.These levels of
starches(Ce 1005)®vegetable ivory(form of hemicellulose), energy consumption are called'trophk i
pectins(for jellies,jams),gums(used in any products, levels.'Energy flow through an ecosystem
including food products) (large or sinal#is a key life process.Threads 1
of energy transfer are cal W'food chains.'
• any fats and ails are common plant products(some of which Food chains also include the transfer of
come from trees).These are compounds of mostly on, chemicals other than sugar. any nutrients,
hydrogen,and oxygen,but with lots more molecules of each. amino acids,and other compounds are
ed nd ned by co
• roteins are formed when the C, N,0 elements are combined digestarecombi
any particular food chain. nsumers along
with nitrogen,sulfur,and sometimes phosphorus.Certain ....................................................................................
proteins used by animals(and people)can only be obtained by Apply the Concept Gown size and
ingesting plant products. photosynthesis
• There are numerous secretions produced by trees(and other Allffie leaves and branches ofs treeam
plants)that are important to people,such as clove oil,cedar all, coikcWek called the'crown.'Aff the crowns
resins,pitch,gums,balsam,camphor,natural rubber,pigments, of a forest are collectively called the canopy.
drugs(legal and illegal),etc. As forests age and Imes grow,crowns in
to touch each other and the forest canopy
A note about energy allocation within trees. Energy is not a limitless closes.Most of the tree crowns will be unable
resource for trees.A tree will typically move energy according to to grow as rapidly as if they had ime space to
these priorities.As energy in the form of glucose becomes limited,a occupy,The photosynthetic capacity will be
tree will begin to reduce resources spent beginning with the lowest spread among a greater number of trees.That
priority.As you can see,a tree with a diminishing crown will become means less photosynthesis per tree,which
more vulnerable to insects and diseases rather quickly.That's one translates into slower growth.Slow growth can
reason why foresters are so keen to maintain a vigorous growing be a contributor to tree stress,which can lead
environment. tot health problems Foresters understand
how different forests grow in different ways,
I Maintain respiration of all parts, They can recognize a forest that is too
2 Produce fine roots and leaves. crowded and prescribe a thinning,where
3, Produce flowers and seed. some trees are removed so that others may
4. Extend branches and roots. grow better
S. Store energy rich chemicals,
6. Add wood to stem,roots and branches. In addition to channeling more growth onto a
Create anti-past chemicals for defense. fewer number of trees,thinning the canopy
can have a very positive impact on the
Adm9ysuggesdons understoty.More fight to the forest lloor will
ELIAU&N. stimulate the regeneration oft s and
promote more vegetation in the understoty
layers of a forest.Mom vegetation in the
i understoty cmales more vertical shudure,
which often leads to greater species diversity
in the forest,
VLF NP�,,5 m
7� :
Relurnto TOP irt
----—------- —--—--------
Chloburr
Chlorophyll is the chemical compound where solar energy(light)is captured and photosynthesis happens.
Chlorophyll is continuously produced and broken down during the growing season The heart of the chlorophyll
compound is a magnesium molecule. The magnesium molecule is bonded to many molecules of hydrogen,
carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.
C5sHn05N4Md Chlorophyll'a , one of several forrns of chlorophyll
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The are different kinds of chlorophyll that absorb different colors in
the light spectrum. The only color that is pretty much useless to ExpedinentSuggesdon: Growplants
plants is green,which is why plant tissues containing chlorophyll (beans, as,fast-growing plants)in
appear green.It's the color that is reflected back into the containers of diffarem ffght. Transparent
environment, The process of photosynthesis is very complicated and Plastic wrap Covering containers will fifter light
driven by a series of enzymes.Enzymes function within fairly narrow I sPedm. Compare growth roles Of Plants.
temperature windows. Within these temperature windows,heat
accelerates photosynthesis to a certain point and cold slows it down. Outside the temperature window,
photosynthetic activity drops off,most quickly with hot temperatures.
GJ111 ja� 3,9JILzall 3,S 110115 nn,,;3 Aclivily Suggestkon
Return to TOP
............................................ .... .........................
True Growth
So,photosynthesis produces all this glucose. what then?Essentially,the energy in glucose is used by trees
(and most other living things)to drive metabolic processes that produce tissues and maintain life functions.
Keep in mind that this whole thing called life is a big solar powered system!
A free will draw nutrients and minerals from the soil,break them down and put them back together to form
compounds and chemicals that we recognize as a tree The most common material made by a tree is
lcellulose.'Cellulose is a complex sugar that is the main component of wood and any other plant tissues. It's
also an extremely useful material for lots of human uses,such as food products,paper,strengthener in plastics
and concrete,clothing,and other things,
Wood is the answer to the tree challenge of pushing a crown as high as possible to obtain the best fight-
capturing position as possible, while maintaining a connection with water and nutrient supplies in the soil,
Wiere does,aj:me,.grow?In three places. 11INVAMMM
• At the twig lips(mefistem). ftA.P�
• At the root tips(meristem).
• Around the outside of the trunk,branches, and roots(cambium).
One region of tissue expansion or tree growth is at the tips of both
twigs and roots,called the lineristem."This is unspecialized tissue
that can form wood, buds,or flowers,Each year, trees will lengthen
twigs and roots,produce flowers and fruit, and grow new buds. The
meristem and newly produced tissues am rich with nutrients and are
often the target of attack by diseases, insects,and animals Deer, for TREE GROM ZONE81117101'"
example,am Michigan's most significant browser In areas of high A tree with growth zo I n I as illustrated,branch
populations,deer can destroy years of growth on small trees and manstem,mot menstem,cambium. I
entirely eliminate regeneration,
Most of a free trunk,branch, or root is dead wood. The living part is only a ................
narrow band on the outside edge This living layer is produced by thin bands ............
of regenerating tissue called'cambium,"Cambium produces now
wood on
the inside and new bark on the outside. The cambium grows only from the
inside out,not up or down the length of a trunk, branch, or root For awhile,
the now wood and bark are living. The wood actively transports many
qr
q,�
materials up and down the tree and performs other functions.After the wood 6��
dies,itstilf serves as a transport route for several years. Eventually, even
that function is diminished and the wood serves primarily as structural
support.
,,,,,ti ..............11
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Each year the cambium produces T010 distinct rings of tissuein the spring,
a layer of thinner-walled cells are grown, in the summer,a layer of thicker-celled,sometimes larger cells are
grown. The layers are called"spring od"and"summer d,*respectively. When cr..unting the age of tree
" okie,"either the springwood or summenvood rings can be counted,but don't count both(unless you divide
your sum by two!). Most people count the typically narrower and darker summerwood. Tree such as oaks,
ashes, and all the conifers produce fairly distinct rings which are easy to count, Other frees,such as aspens, red
maple,and birch have less distinct rings, Foresters can count rings without cutting a tree down.A toot called an
'increment borer'will extract a thin woodcore from the tree, which can be used to; age the tree.
AcVWfySuUps1bns
?f r f t
Ill�iil„II�Itir�u��rllYminlnerit� � ���IIIIIturred��'., � ip�� ��Illall�',iimicprm�), ��rrr����r�rier
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W!N
Return to TOp rat as e.
Why do leaves change colors in the Autumn?
The short answer is that chlorophyll producti"ora drops-off as night k� h
length increases. The green part of the light spectrum is no longer project: Have kids celled different mkimd
reflected and other compounds,chemicals called leaves in the fall Categorize leaves by
anthocyanins"(reds)and ca tnoi "(yellows)„become the species and color. The same species may
dominant pigments in the reaves. The longer answer involves have many different cmbis,especially red
discussions of changing day lengths and weather,and strategies maple. Also,have kids record the dates when
dealing with nutrient loss with the dropping of leaves, treas at home,at school,or in another
selected place begin to Change c1dyr: Make
What Is the story behind Autumn leaf fail? notes by species and see if anypellems can
be observed. It would be interesting to have a
The purpose of Autumn leaf fall is to prepare for winter dormancy. 'dster'school in a different part of the state to
The cold temperatures prevent trees and plants from functioning in at compare color change with,
least three ways. Water would freeze in the plant tissues„causing cell
rupture, Water in the upper soil layers often freezes, making absorption impossible.Lastly,the tow temperatures
are far outside the operating windows for the enzymes that control a tree's metabolic processes,such as
photosynthesis and respiration. To avoid these environmental limitations, trees prepare for dormancy in the
Autumn.
Trees drop leaves because they are too difficult to"winterize"(unlike most conifers that have strategies to
maintain their green parts during the winter and needles have a much different structure than broad leaves). Or,
in the case of conifers,;,the needles that have grown old after two to three years,no longer receive as much
light,and are shed each Autumn.However,dropping tons of biomass per acre presents the problem of losing
significant amounts of valuable nutrients,. Much of the sugars and valuable nutrients are resorbed the
reaves,but the annual leaf drop still means the loss of a lot of good"stuff."in our north temperate climates,
dropped leaves become part of the 'organic layer"on the surface of the soil; to be cycled din part)by
decomposers
There are two components influencing the Autumn color display, the timing and the Intensity. The timing is
usually controlled by lengthening nights and the intensify is strongly influenced by weather
The most dependable seasonal environmental factor is the change in daylight, or more accurately,the
lengthening dark period, Such things as rainfall or temperature might"W"a"W" tree into retafning leaves too long.
For this reason„the timing of leaf-drop is regulated by the consistent movement of the Earth around the Sun
However, a late spring or extremely dry summer can postpone the response to lengthening nights by a week or
two.Just"when"a tree begins to tum color varies from species to species.„and geographically from north to
south.in our northern forests,black ash is the first to change color Tamarack(a needle-bearing tree)is the last.
The intensity or brilliance of the color change is influenced by weather conditions during the period of declining
chlorophyll production.A series of sunny days and coot nights(above freezing)result in a more lorful display.
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Tree Physiology
Appendix E
Page 8 of I I
The warm days increase production of both sugars and anthocyanin pigments. Sugars"st ned"in the leaf and
greater concentrations of anthocyanins bring out the scarlets and reds,especially the deep purple of northern
red oak. Carotenoids yield the yellow and golden colors but tend to remain at fairly constant concentrations
regardless of weather.
So,how might weather affect the fall colors?
• Warm Autumn weather will generally reduce the color quality.
• Moist soils following a goodwing season contribute to better displays.
• A few warm,sunny days and coot nights(at the right time)will increase brilliance,
• Droughts wilt usually result in poorer displays.
What causes the leaves to actually fail o
Wind,most commonly, s nights lengthen,,a layer of cells forms in the leaf stem near the twig,called the
"abscission layer."Abscission means cutting or severing. This layer blocks transrer of materials to and from
the leaf, The abscission layer also makes a weakened connection, Eventually,wind,,rain,snow„or animals will
knock the leaf from the twig.
Activilysv gon
nm t_ ..11lllll 2 gnis'I S� illl.2�onia,°�
Ifd D II?�uw ioiinul�ir ^t ..... ... �- ... mom�a
Return to TOIL of a e.
Sunlight acrd Tolerance of Shade
It's commonly known that trees and plants need sunshine to live.
However,not all trees need the some amounts of sunlight. Trees Relative Sunlight Requirements
that require high amounts of sunlight are sensitive to shade. For Representative Tree Species
Foresters call this sensitivity"sae tole nce"or just
'tolerance". a shade tolerance of some tree species will varyPaper Birch
with age. Tamarack
Jack Pine � ,.� , , u"l� " ".,w/1
Tree species such as aspen,cherry,paper birch,Jack pine, Quaking Aspen ,
and red pine require lots of sun and are not tolerant of shade. silver Maple }
That's part of the reason stands of!hese species tend to be all Red Pine "
about the same age. Seeds of these species that germinate unde
a canopy of shade do not survive. Red Maple
k
Other tree species a more Red Oatolerant of shade,such as sugar We Pine `
maple,beech,balsam fir,hemlock,and cedar. They can
survive as seedlings or saplings under a fairly heavy canopy of Yellow Birch
shade for many years. When exposed to light, the small trees(notBalsam Fir
always young trees!)can quickly grow to take advantage of the
new light regime. Sugar Maple
There are a number of tree species that fall into the moderately Basswood '
tolerant category,such as red oak,red maple,yellow f Cedar
white1 ie,and whitespruce. The may be able to
grow under the light canopy of an aspen or paper birch stand,but would not be very successful under the shade
of a maple-beech-basswood stand.
Shade tolerance is key component of forest management systems.
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Appendix E
Activity SuMsdon
MC IF Berclimarits
Return to TOP of
..................... ... ... .. page.
..................................................................
......................................................................................................................................................
Other Environmental Factors
The are many environmental factors,both living and not living,that influence the growth of trees. This guide
has already discussed some of them,such as light,nutrients,and temperature,. any of these factors interact
with other Thai's part of the reason why forest management can be COMP10K. Tree adaptation to various
environmental factors runs along gradients. Some true species are more sensitive to a particular gradient than
others.
fl iRainfall or Pre kfqcfittf�
Average annual rainfall varies across a wide geographical area. Some tree species can survive with less annual
precipitation.As you move north and west,rainfall declines, and so do the number of tree species. More locally,
available water may vary with microsiles. The south sides of slopes will be drier,so will a sandy plain or areas
with bedrock close to the surface.
Soil Vrlili
Scientists have identified over 475 soil types in Michigan. it stands to reason that different free species have
preferences for certain types of soil.Red pine and jack pine are well-known for their ability fog well on
sandier,poorer soils where most other trees grow poorly. Sugar maple and basswood prefer richer soils with
lots of nutrients. Other species, such as bur oak and quaking aspen grow well on a wide variety of soils. This
variability is largely related to the amount of available nutrients in a soil, the nuldent demand of a particular
species,and a tree's ability to extract those nutrients.
Moisture
This is related to both rainfall and soils. The amount of available moisture varies during the year.High moisture
levels during the dormant season will not help trees. Or usually hurt them. Saturated conditions from spring
runoff or flooding does not hurt most trees because they are not actimly growing. Some tree species are more
tolerant of short penods of flooding during the growing season,such as bur oak or silver maple. Oddly enough,
while cedar is quite sensitive to rapid changes in moisture, either wetter or drier. Northern swamp free species
grow an small,dry microsplas They don't usually grow in the water.
Biotic Factors
These are the living parts of an ecosystem that trees interact with. Other plants will impact forests. Insects and
diseases play a major role in forests.Animals like white-tailed deer,porcupines,and squirrels also have
prominent roles.Not all of these impacts are negative. any are beneficial. Insects patfinato free flowers. Soil
animals loosen soil.Birds eat lots of insects.And of course,humans manage forests for a wide variety of
reasons.
MEorrhizae
Pronounced"my-core-HI-zee",these are beneficial fungi to trees. The fungi are associated with tree is in a
symbiotic relationship. That's where both partners benefit from each other. The mycorrhizae increase a free's
ability to absorb water and nutrients. The tree supplies the mycorrhizaa with a share of photosynthate.
Sometimes,species of mychordzae are only associated with a particular species of true. The lack of per
mycorrhizae in the soil can prevent a free from growing well,or maybe from surviving at all. It may be one of
the factors that limit trees to a certain range. Scientists are teaming more about these special fungi.
mil� M AcdWWSwgUesUoa
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Appendix
Return to'rop of nage.
i. .,
Tree Re eneration Strategies
There are four ways Michigan frees
regeneration themselves.
• Seeds
flI
• Root Suckers i%
�a i i /ilii r
• Stump Sprouts
• Vegetative Layering
90/1
All trees can reproduce by seeds.Each
species has a unique set of requirements for seed production and germination, Seed dispersal strategies vary
widely,from wind-driven seed to seeds carried by certain species of animals.
Sprouts and suckers are similar,in that dormant buds'come alive"to form new shoots of parent trees. Sprouts
are shoots from slumps or the base of a tree. Suckers are shoots that originate trom buds on the root systems.
Often limes,sprouts and suckers will not grow until the parent tree dies or becomes very sick. The buds are
held in dormancy by hormones produced in the leaves. Men these hormone levels drop below a certain point,
the do ant buds will grow,
Vegetative layering is uncommon,occurring mostly in while cedar and Canada yew(which most would not
consider a t el). Men branches or stems come in contact with the soil,cambium tissue sometimes form roofs.
In this way,former branches of a fallen cedar might become trunks of several new"trees-
R.21,tf.nr to 7."Q.,P rt M.
.. ......... .. ... .... .u...
i .
Tree Lon ev
Trees do not live forever,therefore cannot be'preserved." forest condition,or threst type might be
preservable(if managed),but not individual frees. Mile people know that all living organisms eventually die,
often limes this is not taken into account when people consider forests.
Tree longevity varies from about 70 years to over 1000 years,depending upon the species. Most trees do not
live past 50 years(or 10 years,for that matter),if you consider attrition ftom the time of germination. Short-lived
species tend to be successional'pioneers,or trees that first colonize an un rested site.Aspens,paper birch,
cherries,lack pine are examples of short-lived tree species. They also tend to be intolerant of shade. Long-lived
tree species tend to be more shade tolerant,occupy later stages of succession,and employ more
" nseative"survival strategies. Sugar maple, basswood, beech, and white cedar are good examples.
Note: "m"u r e s;;.�;P;r;n.is explained in another place in this guide and is one of the most important concepts in
forest ecotogy.
Most Common Michigan Tree Species(by volume)
and Their Expected Lifespans(in years)
Note:Maximum lit y ed
life may exceed the ages fist
ERedOak
aple 200-30 Balsam Fir 7 -1 ®.. .
Redle 125-150 it Oak 400-500
pen 60- 0 Eastern Hemlock 400-500
-600 a Pine 80-100
Northern ed Oak -300 Yellow Birch 200-300
2...mm-250 _ Black er--_..... .............. i5 -200
rry
pen 7 -100 ile unavailable
d 125-175 eri n Beech 300-400
rch 7 -100 ile Sp 15 -200
e 250-300 Black Spruce 200-250
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Tree Physioiogy Page I 1 of 11
Appendix
Winter Adaptations of Trees
Trees must have adaptations to survive the cold and drying conditions of winter Trees cannot change their
location or behavior like aniTIMls,Lan so they must rely on physiological and structural adaptations
The height advantage of trees becomes a liability in the winter,as tissues are exposed to the weather There
are four basic strategies that trees employ.
I Either leaf drop or adaptations for leaf retention.
2. A physiological acclimatization process,
. Resolution of water issues.
d. Methods of reducing mechanical damage.
Broadleaf frees(hardwoods)it p,l gi;r,;Oeves during the winter„avoiding the problems of maintaining foliage in
!d and dry conditions. Conifers(so ods)retain foliage and have special adaptations in order to do s
(better ig, mpia,control and a waxy coating called culin),
All trees go through an acclimatization process. Like leaf drop,the process is initiated by changes in
photoperiod and is controlled by hormones and other chemicals. The process also exploits the physical
properties of water.
Winter conditions make finding sources of liquid water and transporting water challenge. Waterlossis
minimized in se veral ways. Water can be obtained from the ground, within the tree, or from the subnivean
(under snow)micro-environment. Conifers have special cell adaptations to facilitate water transport whenever
temperatures allow it.
Snow and ice accumulation can cause breakage,especially under windy conditions. Conifers have growth
pttems that minimize the chances of damage occurring. Dramatic loss in vegetation fmrn animal consumption
increases pressure on woody tissues, especially foliage,buds,and bark. torose damage can be significant in
many regions of Michigan, Lastly,pollutants from highways„particularly road salts and exhaust, can damage
trees,especially those more vulnerable to these chemicals.
li %irra; fora more detailed explanation of winter adaptations of trees..
6H�NI�
��tU IBenc;u�N, arlla, 31llldl��.rri.r.
R' ti,,wrn to TOP of oar e.
This w'eb.9itrr was d'evei'pped YrNridl c ivated by dW i`ch&gran, tape)�niv�rsp"l� Y.212-�iorr fbir the
tri a hors of the St'nto sof flftlhH'„fawn, °i"�tue websile Wi s tnaifntaih its ri ib, the utiftgt, i�rpp�
irp t�Wpaadent tWio rol tit,.=.mPrsri,iiu pU, 'jpiorf of the Michigan it birashs Faira ey GO-ROM ffmn
the l tii 1pWi.am l'rrorest l eso¢.rrce llianm e
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Please provide comments to Bill Cook: cookw.,i,,,,nmsu.edu or 788-1575
,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.
140
,
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AGENDA ITEM #2-a-
Appendix
Revised a of Work for proposals to provide Fire Damage Assessment on lands owned by the Kodiak
Island Borough.(11/24/2015 by Duane Dvorak,Kodiak Island Borough Resource Management Officer)
The Kodiak Island Borough suffered substantial fire damage to a stand of Sitka Spruce Forest of
approximately 800 acres near the unincorporated community of Chinialk on KodiakIsland JAL 59078).
The Kodiak Island Borough would like to obtain a fire damage assessment for this tract to Identify the
extent ofdamage:
1. Percentage of Spruce trees that suffered substantial crown damage as a direct result of the fire
event;
2. Percentage of Spruce trees that suffered substantial fire damage at the base or over the root
system;
. Percentage and location of areas within the property that may have escaped substantial fire
damage;
4. Other observations that the consultant believes to be relevant,in their professional opinion,
after reviewing the site.
The Kodiak Island Borough is requesting a fire damage assessment only with no quantitative analysis of
rvestable timber or computation of economic value. In addition to the percentages identified above,
It would be beneficial to prepare a map showing the varying degrees of damage on the site in a visual
manner for ease of conveying the results.
It is not expected that the proposer will conduct a formal cruise in accomplishing the above tasks,but
may use a combination of first hand site observations and other indirect sources of Information t
develop a picture of the conditions on the site.
Chosen proposer must have an Alaska Business License and provide proof of insurance`prior t
Initiating the work. Proposals should be submitted'in the form suitable for reference as an attachment
In a borough professional services contract.
I A. Workees Compensation Insurance if applicable
The Contractor shall provide and maintain,for all employees of the Contractor engaged In work under this Contract,Workers Compensation
Insurance as required by A521IM045.The Contractor will be responsible for Workers Compensation Insurance for any subcontractor who
provides services under this Contract.This coverage must Include statutwy coverage for states in which employees are engaging In work and
miployee%liability protection not lei*than$100,000.00 per person,51 per occurance.
B. Comprehensive lCommerciall General Liability insurance with coverage limits not less than S 1,000,000.00 cornbined single limit per
occurrence and annual agzregates where generally applicable and will include premise operations,Independent contractors,
products/compleled operations,broad form property damage,blanket contractual and personal Injury endorsements.The Kodiak Island
Borough shaft be named as an'Additional insured"under all liability,coverage listed above.
C. Comprehensive Automobile Liability Insurance covering all owned,hired and non owned vehicles and with coverage limits not less
than$1013,00U.00 per person,$300,000.00 per occurrence bodity inury,and$50,0DOM property damage.
Page 121 of 162
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AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
a/j
Kodiak Island Borough
OFFICE of the MANAGER
Bud Cassidy,Borough Manager
MEMORANDUM
Date: February 9$2016
Teo® Mayor and Asse bl
From: Bud Cassid get
Stsbja Item for the February I I Assembly Work Session
SA Lease of the KFRC
I. INTRODUCTION
This memo is provided to the Assembly to give a history of the facility as well as a history of the
difficulties associated with administering the KFRC lease, It will focus on how interpretations of
lease language by CASA and KIB have led to the panics being far apart. Two spreadsheets have
been provided. One spreadsheet provides the history of lease payments based on the oroug *s
interpretation of the lease language and the either spreadsheet is based on the interpretation b
Am
You will notice that the bottom litres of each of these efforts by no means similar. Finance
Department calculations show that GSA owes KIB $624,019.25 while GSA contends that KIB
has been overpaid b $1,739,416.The two major sticking points are 1) the amount of allocated
space that is occupied by NOAA and 2) how much GS OAA should be paying towards the
Maintenance Reserve.The Maintenance Reserve is a sinking fund to be used for replacement of
major building components such as roofs,siding,etc, You ow it as a replacement and renewal
(R&R)fund.
The attempt at this work session is to provide a good discussion of the history of administering
the lease and the problems associated with interpreting the language of the leasee
Ire GENERAL HISTORIC BACKGROUND
In 1995, the KIB Assembly adopted Resolution No. ®37 which accepted a transfer of
responsibility from the University of Alaska to the Kodiak Island Borough for the completion of
a Near Island Research Facility as the KFRC was Chert known. The resolution indicated a
congressional authorization that would provide up to$2,000,000 a year through SA for NOAA
(NMFS and ) to lease space within the facility. The City of Kodiak was a partner in
attracting this major federal research facility to Kodiak by contributing prime undeveloped
property on Dear Island as the location for the structure, This research facility would sit next to
the existing Fisheries Industrial Technology Center FITC operated by the University of Alaska.
1
Fags 122 of 162
Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
The funding of the facility described in the Borough resolution included at $3.000,000
appropriation from the Alaska Legislature that was part of the Exxon Valdez criminal settlement,
plus $500,000 appropriated by the U.S. Congress. The remainder of the funds needed to make
this a reality was to be made up by the Kodiak Island Borough from a combination of financing
from the Facilities Fund and through the issuance of revenue bonds. The KIB agreed to
construct and become owner and manager of the facility to the mutual benefit of all the tenants.
In order to provide for the debt service, the Assembly agreed to establish an enterprise fund
using the revenue from tenant leases to cover repayment of the revenue bonds and to cover the
operation and maintenance costs for the life of the building. This initial 20-year lease with
GSA/NOAA (Contract 9713) was signed before construction would begin as a way to
collaterahze the borough's investment in the project.
111.DIFFICULTY IN LEASE ADMINISTRATION
Administering the lease has been problematic due to its complicated language and conflicting
interpretations by the parties. Attached emails display some of that complication. Dora Cross,
Revenue Accountant, became as borough employee on December of 2011 and was charged with
working with GSA to sort out past lease payment discrepancies. Dora's work raised more
questions.Tim issue needed to go to a higher level to be resolved.The resolution of the problems
associated with the lease became a priority for KIB because the issue had been languishing for
too long, there were too many discrepancies in the interpretations of lease language as well as
discrepancies in payments owed and received. At GSA there were similar concerns which led to
discussions to understand each other's positions. The Borough's approach was to first look
backward to define and recreate as much of the past history as possible. As facility owner,it was
important to know where we have been and to identify and understand the areas of disagreemeTIL
As the lease administrator, it was also important to determine if the rents being charged were
correct and maintenance reserve funds were being properly financed to cover all financial and
maintenance obligations. The attached spreadsheets are a result of that effort. The request by
GSA "to consider operating costs differences in the past a wash . . ." in their letter of July 14,
2015 was not an option. Further meetings were held with GSA, then with GSA and NOAA
representatives who suggested as superseding lease to better define the areas of disagreement
between the parties regarding lease language and past payment reconciliations. Meetings with
GSA and NOAA continued in earnest through the last half of 2015.Those discussions resulted in
the two spreadsheets presented to the Assembly and are the two agencies formal positions.
IV.DOCUME NTATION ABOUT THE RE DUCTION OF ALLOCATED SPACE
FROM 81.2% TO 75.3%
One of the major issues of disagreement is in the percentage of building space allocated to
NOAA. Under the current lease, N OAA's occupancy percentage is 8 1.2%.That is a figure that
was established prior to construction of the facility. Staff has found no evidence about how this
percentage was calculated and in fact could not come up with this number. In 2009 borough
staff and NMFS staff, specifically new Center Director Bob Foy and now Engineering and
Facilities Director Bob Tucker, began to meet in an effort to better understand the lease and the
space rented by the NMFS.This led to ashore detailed examination of the allocated space under
lease. Measurements were conducted and it was determined that NMFS occupancy of the
building was not '81.2 , but 75.3%. No formal correspondence specifically about this reduction
was found,but brought up during our latest rounds of meetings with GS OAS.Conversations
with Bob Foy,Center Director,suggest that the reduction of allocated space became more of an
issue in 2014 as the NOAA budget was being reviewed along with the budgets of other federal
agencies.
2
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GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
The Borough position is that i1he lease was signed by GSA with AA's allocation at 81.2%
clearly idenfified and no reduction of that amount should occur., Nowhere in the lease does it
state thak this figure can be adjusted.
V. MAIWENANCE RESERVE
Another area of disagreement has to do with[lie establishment of the Maintenance Reserve Fund
(it is now known as the Replacement and Reserve Fund or R&R fund). 'rihat fund is as sinking
fund that sets aside lease revenue for future replacement of major building components pike a
new roof,exterior siding elc- Exhibit G,Pg. I allows adjusiments in rent costs for maintenance
items. Exhibit B, P& 1&2 defines maintenance as follows: "operational and maintenance
expenses" means . , p "die arnount paid to maintenance reserve based on projected replacement
of building components . . ."Exhibit G, Pg. I gaics that should an adjustment be made,it can be
applied back toyear two or the lease,
Representatives from the Borough and GSA met to discuss the R&R schedule(attached) as part
of our 2015 discussions, and agreed on its items. Based an the language of the lease, Borough
staff applied those increase costs back to year wo.0-SA's position is that it should not be applied
retroactively.
V1.CONCLUSION
This merno outlines the major discrepancies that GSA and KIB have in administering this lease.
There have been many discussions and much examination or lease detifls4 ft is clear that both
parties know more about the lease and each adher's interpretations of the lease now than in the
Past.
How does this relationship move forward in the best interest of Kodiak citizens? GSA and KIB
staffs have come up with a compromise spreadsheet for as superseding lease that will be
presented at your next work, session. Staff asks that ffic Assembly be open to considering this
superseding lease. Not only will it better define the process of administeding the lease (the
Borough and GSA are to meet annually),, it also defines specific words that in the past were
problematic. It is a lease that K.T.B staff members from the Finance Department, the Engineering
and Facilitates Department and the Manager's Department were intimately involved with and
input by KIB staff was incorporated into the lease,
Most irnportantly GSA and NOAA see a superseding lease as a critical step in filling the vacant
posifiGns at the Kodiak. Facility. They also see it as the avenue to remain at. this facility for
another 20 years 13 of which are "firm." A firm term means that all previously agreed financial
obligations by GSA, will be met. It also means that the Borough will continue to have as major
tenant in the building who contributes substantially in the cost to maintain this important and
expensive community owned building without taxing the public. Lastly, a firm lerm lease will
guarantee that NOA,A/NMFS scientists will continue conducting research and experiments
critical to the Kodiak,economy and specifically to the commercial fishing industry and scientists
working there will continue living in Kodiak and contributing to the local community.
...................... 3
Page 124 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NIWFS I-ease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
GSA Nort hwesUAretic Region
January 28, 2016
The Honorable Jerrol Friend, Mayor
Kodiak Island Borough
PO Box 175
Kodiak,AK 99615
Dear Mayor Friend and Kodiak Island Borough Assembly,
General Services Administration (GSA), then tions largest public real estate
organization, provides workspace for more than 1.2 million federal workers
through its Public Buildings Service. Approximately half of the employees are
housed in buildings owned by the federal government, and half are located in
separate leased properties, including buildings, land, antenna sites, etc. across
the country. GSA negotiates leases on behalf of federal agencies according to
their requirements. The Lease Contracting Officer(LCO) has exclusive authority to
enter into,amend, and administer leases on the Government's behalf to the extent
provided in his or her certificate of appointment as a contracting officer. of Terria
Heinlein and Scott Matson are warranted lease contracting officers whose warrant
authority exceeds the value of this lease.
The purpose of the early discussions on the Kodiak NOAA facility was to account for the
rent and expenses and to reconcile the lease., After discussing the long-term needs of
NOAA, and uncovering assumptions of how the lease has or should have been
administered,we concluded it would be beneficial for all parties to complete a new
lease to clear up ambiguities.
An example would be the current lease definitions of operation and maintenance verses
replacement and renewal expenses. There is a definition of operation and maintenance
expenses in the current lease that seems comprehensive, but results in confusion.
U.S.General Services Administration
400 15u' Street SW
Auburn,WA 98001-6599
WWW gsa gov
4
Page 125 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
Today,we would separate thosedefinitions into two separate areas as both KIB and
GSA view the as separate funds.
Operational expenses are covered by the GSA For 1217, is includes for and
normal preventive maintenance. The major maintenance and repair expenses are
captured in the Replacement and Renewal budget, which I understand is the practice
for Alaska government owned buildings. In most GSA leases, the Replacement and
Renewal budget out be included in the shell rent and in the current lease it's being
confused with the Operation and Maintenance costs.
In all the original lease documents the language says"the amount paid to maintenance
reserve based on projected replacement of building components". The problem was
which components and what time frame and how much money was being directed to
what component was not defined in the original lease. of GSA and KIB made
different assumptions about those numbers and in the past NOAA/GSA was incorrectly
charged for major repair and renewal as part of the annual operations and maintenance.
At the same time,we contributed funds to the KFC Enterprise Fund for replacement
and renewal. This has been clarified in the proposed superseding lease.
Another example of what was undefined in the present lease is the R&R fund. In the
R&R schedule that was presented to us over the Summer, NOAA should have received
new paint and flooring 7 years ago and again in 3 years. Since both were in good
condition,we out not want taxpayer funds expended for unnecessary work because
previous to this schedule these expenses were being charged to O&M. At the same
time, it out not be fair for KIB to gain a windfall. In the proposed superseding lease, it
was decided that GSA/NOAA would not pay into the fund for those items and NOAA will
pay for new paint or carpet in a lump sum when they an nee it.This is an example of
how we teamed with KIB to develop a well-defined Maintenance and Reserve account
that makes sense and is fair to both parties.
Another discrepancy in the lease is the square foot of occupancy for NOAA.
Occupancy was calculated before the building was built and neither party confirmed
these estimates once occupancy began. While the lease describes NOAA/GSA as
occupying 81.2% of the building, in fact NOAA/GSA space is only 75.3%tothe total.
Paragraph 22 (C)of the general clauses states the following:
If it is determined that the amount of occupiable square footage actually delivered is
less than the amount agreed to in the lease,the lease will be modified to reflect the
amount of occupiable space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows:
Occupiable square feet not delivered multiplied by the occupiable square foot(OSF)rate
equals the reduction in annual rent.The rate per occupiable square foot is determined
by dividing the total annual rent by the occupiable square footage set forth in the lease.
OSF Not Delivered X Rate per OSF=Reduction in Annual Rent.
5
Page 126 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
The original square foot calculation errors affect the payments from NOAA in three
ways: A)thea aunt of space for is we pay rent is overstated, B)The portion of
O&M we are responsible for is inflated, and C)the portion of the R&R we contributed to
is more than required.
Due to these and other issues, GSA will not be exercising an option on the existing
lease.
GSA/NOAA has worked closely together, along with the KIB staff to develop a well-
defined methodology for escalations and the added definitions will make the new lease
much easier to administer by all parties. The hard work has included freely sharing
information,with all parties being transparent with the goal of creating a new lease that
is understandable, predictable, and fair to all parties.
I look forward to continued discussions and agreement an a superseding lease,
COW
Scott M Matson
Lease Contracting Officer
Branch Chief, Leasing Division
Scott.MatSDn@gsa,,gov
6
Page 127 oft
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA
I . .
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
pnall Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
INaWnal Marine Fisheries Service
pa
Alaska(Fish des Science Center
r 7300 Sand Point Way N E.
Seattle,WasNngton 115.6349
3 February 2016
lrhe Honorable,Ferrol Friend,l anyurr
Kodiak Island Borough
fef:1 Bax 975
Kodliink,IVIG 99615
Dear Mayor Friend and Kodiak Island Borough Asserunbl,ya
The Alaska Fisheries Science Center orfNOAA@,'s National Marine Fisheries Service(la NIFS)is your main
leumaaal at the Kodiak Fisheries Research Center(lC.l°I C). For the last 17 years, we have leased this space
through the General Services Administration (GSA). The Kodiak Fisheries Research Center is an
exceilenat facility from which we have been able for successfully implement our oaaission of supporting
applied fisheries research and management inn Alaska. We sage optimistic about the; mcauniun ill progresswe have made since 2014, working closely a hii Borough staan; for draftasuperseding lease thatwill
further strengthen our relationship with the Borough aand keep'I NII^S in K.o dianik for the foreseeable future.
'I he intent of this new lease is.° 1)for NOAtA for fully cover aall expenses mcurred by the Borough in the
rnraaaapfeaamernt of the facility consistent with our pro-rata share of occupancy,y, taund 2)to correct and clarify
lease Language and conditions to ensure equitable agreement that is fair and affordable, ernaubliang a
sustained, loonnpg-tu np,l OAA carmi nitntneamt to the Kodiak community, Over the least 17 years,1 OAA haus
uanore" than covered Borough's coasts, To dale, NfDAA has paid na'norrc than $25.5 M las the Kodiak
Enterprise 1-u nd for use of the research center. The current annual lease Boost lug NOAAR. is $1,616,000
including the GSA Ice
OAA is requesting a superseding lease to begin beforre the current lease ends For the l'orllorw iinag reaasorm
I)The current lease was raafted before the budding was built. Space allocations %were assigned based on
95'% drawings, which was an iraaaccuuranle a assuurunlptiorun� Space occumpmied by each tenant was recreantly,
reviewed and aanv aasuured by the I3oarcnuu h and GSAtA'Nf AA., It was determined that the actual space
occupied by NNIIFS was only y5.; 'N" Iloowwewer, t+NIFS has been praying for 81.29an for nnaoo-re than 17
ycaars.
2) SusWansability of the A FSC science aanissiiornn to support the Gulf or Alaska fisheries and fishery
aaaaaraage naew de pends on good stewardship principles,efficiently using hiinnited Congressional resources.
`flee cuurrtnt fiscal euawironinnenat for federal agencies is weiry tight. Since FY201I, the Alaska Fisheries
Science Center base budget has decreased by ruaeare than 12%. The rnPorst orpaliurnistic outlook NMFS
leaderships can envision For the present and future is level funding. However, budget cuts on the osrdeir of
.5 10%over the next three years seems morstiikely.
a
Page 128 of 162
GSAINOAA/NMFS Least I efter
AGENDA I
Budget cuts and any increases in fixed costs, such as perrpnaoneantt labor and Facillitties, will have to i
covereed by repurposing operational raurnufiang.Operitional fuuuneding is the pprinnnaury source of funds to cover
costs aassocia w d with federal fish and shellfish surveys in Alaska.The status quo lease costs Eire fhnerr0bre
a nsuusdaaiiuna ble from our perspective, as 11hey iinnnlpose as severe niksion cost, which will impact NMFS
sfaakeholleders in Aaaskan(including Kodiak filsdnernnncin)..
3$ "Flic proposed suuperseedirng, lease corrects for au rnnum be:r of lease ambiguities, Over the Ilast 17 years,
NOAA has been making pwa,yme nfs to the Borough ror Elie" renewal and replacement (R&R) of aruuagwr
building cu rapo nenntts. This is to ensure the long-term sausfmina bil4y of the facility. However, in Elie~ past
when major iferuns were renewed or replaced 1c.gg, seawater system puumps$, A OAA was chaargge d ttllnruauaggfu
the Operations&Maintenance(O :M)porttio n aaf"ttdne(lease,rather than paying for these fu` m. R&R.ThusNOAA paid twice for ifconn.s the R&R fund shoaled have covered,. This points to thud difficulty in theexecution of the lease; the p R schedule was not established until recent discussions with Borough staffresulting in ruuisaaraepersttaanedinngs or who was to play ror which cxpcnnscs. We've addressed this with
language e iimn ttlne new lease. Over se;vu„uatte nb years NOAA has paid at least S2,760,000 into R&R. Only
$525,000 has be nn expended fionttp this land for the HVAC systteim
4)"f he new lease rocuuses on costs associated with the NMFS core mission to support Kodiak Fis&ncrie;s and
Gulf or Alaska fishery pnnaauaapggcrn em.. Salary costs fuer fratterpprettive Specialists are currently being charged
to buuidafirng tteanauonfs nnnader Operations and Maintenance.An Interpretive Specialist and other Ipositions were
added to the O&M chair es well after the lease ang;ree rrieunf bq,:,anpn, This was done without utt ediscoussio n and
without aoggreeanncnntt as to who would pay ror the positions. While we recognize the value of having an
public aquarium and touch tank in the building,salary ror the Interpretive Specialists is not an appropriate
coo clenane ntt apf°fdne lease,as i4 is not part of°fhac i"MIFS core mission or essential to the Functioning of"fh e
building.'rhe fratterprefive Specialists are a KIB proggraarn dedicated to the public aquarium and touch tank,
and those salaries should be covered solely by the Borough,
The draft superseding lease before you is the product orover seven months nths apt"open and (raank discussions
between the Borough staff and GSA/N(.)AA to find au way to improve die current sh uando n. It addresses
the four above issues, ensures Kodiak Island Borough complete cost recovery, including the funfll interest
and principal rrom the orig;iiraanll bond,1provides NOAA with iannmrnedf aafe and equitable relief,and results in
as lease ttdnaf is easier to execute and joiauttly manage.
e.
Kodiak derives an number or benefits from NMFS' presence in the community. Beyond the shell rent,
NOAA provides over$200,000 to support Kodiak dslanuued Bapraauugh building umaaainfeunauruce, anafmi nisttradve<
and financial oversight staff' positions and Janitorial service contract positions. Currently, NOAA
contributes Enver S100,000 as year to esdancaafisann and outreach through support of Elie touch tank and
aquarium,plus additional support for the Occann Science Discovery La b.To ideate,we have provided more
than S 1.7 M in support for these epedoucaafio n and o nfrcancfn aaefivifics.Our annual.sfaalf"pauyrolll is in excess of
$115 lvd, excluding contractor positions.. Having d^fMFS-funded staff positions in the community dins a
multiplier cffbct.. eine crprunnanpaaniitty collects; faux and scales revenues From our resident staff. NMFS
e nopplloycc.s also are actively engaged in school and local government progra Tris and d co muirunif es and other
cepmmuuunitty activities.
The partnership we have with the Borough has also lied mh er dpcnnefitts. Working together, NAA and the
Borough complcttred the d WAC project that is expected to pay for itself"within d 0 years through energy
e:rriciennf savings.The Borough and d NNI S ointly financed the project with GSA/NdvdFS paayiong,die larger
of the two shares (NMIFS SH75,000 v, Borough 525„4300). The Borough's portion of the project
originated from the NMFS and other tenant contributions fel the K.d°RC rinterprise fund. The resuula is as
greener,more energy efficient buuileding,for the Borough,regardless e f the tte nannntt.
Page 129 of,162
GSAINOAAINMIFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
We have a vested interest in the Kodiak community, and the local fishing industry. We value lilt
relationship we have with the Borough which hosts the third largest fishing port in the country,Our goal
and strong desire is to remain in Kodiak for the long hatil, and that is why we propose a 20-year
superseding lease with a guaranteed 13 year occupancy period. Leaving Kodiak is not a good option for
NMFS because support of commercial gmoundfish and shellfish fisheries in Alaska is a priority for the
NMFS and Alaska Regional Office However, without reductions in our facilities costs,NMFS will have
no choice but to continue to reduce its labor costs. We will not be able to replace staff that are retiring or
leaving for other reasons. Inability to backfill positions also decreases the salaries that go back into the
Kodiak economy. We will al,�o have to reduce fishery and protected resource surveys. This daninishes
our ability to conduct stack assessment surveys in the Gulf of Alaska and relevant applied fisheries
research that bencliti Kodiak such as: the effects of ocean acidification on commercial crab species,
byeatch inortality that impacts fisheries closures, crab growth and reproduction, and stock enhancement
of red king crab, Ultimately, the prohibitive costs of the current lease inny jeopardize NMFS presence in
Kodiak.
As we have demonstrated,we are open to discussion concerning the details and rationale of the proposal
to finalize a superseding lease.
Sincerely,
WJ446—�'-
Dr. Douglas P.DeMastcr,Science and Research Director
Alaska Region,NOAA Fisheries
Juncau,Alaska
Co David Garton,NOAA Real Property
Scott Matson,GSA Norlitwest/Arctic Region
Page 130 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
Nanhwisal Ardii:Regkm
222 W,Savianth Ava,11AS5
AnchDralpe,AK 99513
July 310,2014
"hr Hori Jitirrol Friend
Mayor of Ko:diak [dinind Borough
7 M Mill 'Bay Road AUG 4 N
Kodiak-&K 991615-63198
-----------------
W r F
ORM 'L
SUBJECT la FRC Proi Rent Redticifions ..........
Dew-Mayor Frieirld:
mis lenjerr lies tio ii-equest a written (Tiefter or e=ll')Ibreakdown of rent redUCflOns Proposed in discussions
betweeirl the Koidiakislarlid B'DrOlUgh(MB)and the Naifiinina� Oceasific and Ataro!sphicHc AdadinisaraCion
(NOAA).The Deputy AssisUint Adrninisvatior1"or 0;:li fin NOAA Kshieilie.sl,Poul Dorernus,
vis'Reld Kzidak durin
�i g ft wicirk week 114,2014. Hernell a itti,yinia and in the aleefing you
l-neirAioned the Rosough"s%vUlinginess w reduce the lease rent 11begirsniing 11,21014.
Your p:mpos';A For reint reduicidion appears to ofiginate riniostly friarn operating i reiiJuiciflans realized
frog previous FIVAC'.cointrol muldificalliluns.Those control Irnipiroveirneiras ininimizield tire nimount ofca::uId
outside air livalowrn,pp into the facility i needed to Ilse heaileidi,greafly reducing NO oil ciusts. ffirse
saVi .,inp
sare separate,ifrorn thearflicipated addifional savhrngs fri)1111 it:lie,ongliding Phase I vianfilation
rnodifications project,
I will Lie.in Kodiak the week of'August 18 through 20,arlid wiflschediuti:a meefin p with your staff
dUCf ans,NOAA' -i ld future
duxing aiat visit to iffiscuss your pirop,usied re.nil re ai
Potential reldluleldiDii,is idluie to the oilagoing veilifflation alodificadons and eveiritual full omorlhatioll,i
licirlarlit hl,:,iroveiments, Please providie. your wrillien res: se with a breakidown of the carreira pil1qj:)0sie,1d
Pon
iediuctions on or beforeAugusL 14,210141, inpireparabon, For lbal.FTricell.-ing the fbilln
winvivil:ell!,%
rhe nvieir-vuchiing t
goalis t�::�rciducr. the.Mira so the sa,vings can bir usled for dre scileinfifir.; mission i
YJ"RiC,'nie hosig-lr=rent reduction vi Ile actdevied througlh a clumbritafion infollen,Ling cost
rediuctions Quasi.airuid future I IVAC mods),i 1w1OAi,,A-Projj:)1a!srd space reduction and possible redUICUOT1
of the dhell rental rale flial hickidies amo,irtized ten an ti 111lrlfOVC[Tlie FILS,
Thank y(.:w for youir offeir arlid youir confiru.iiiied parmership,kvidiKOAAanid GSA, If YOU%V1011.311d like
addildonal information,please contact me at 12`7[-5028 orhrian-iwarur nQD&sAgqv,.
jL—
Sincerely,
Brian K.Swanson
Workplace Solutions Manager
10
Page 131 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Lefters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
USA NarthwestdArctica Region
July 14,2015
IKodialk island Borough
71NOI ay Road
Kodiak,AK 9961
RIE° uuperseding Lease GS-IOP-LAK074 2
Mr. Bud Cassidy, Borough Manager,
Thank you for the great communication Wth our project learn.'You have been extremely helpful
to us as the Iinfformatiorn provided us an opportunity for good analysis.,
After many discussions with NOAA,we have Ipul together the attached lease package„ 'While
there are opatlons attached to the existirng lease,the GSAINOAA tearnn decided this would be a
excellent opportunity to change to a new Pease to address and fix u-nnauny of the Issues in the
existing Pease.
The team discussed sending your and Kodiak Island Bureau(KIIff3)an offer and we decided to
put the offer together vAtthiun a Pease package so it is easy to un erslainud and in a final formal.
NOAA and GSA are proposing to enter into a new 20 year, 13 year firm lease starting October
'1, 2015,guaranteeing an additional 10 years of NOAA In the building and the community. The
work NOAA accomplishes within the community and the partnership with KII3 has been
productive over the last't 7 years, and NOAA wants to continue and even grow thein`presence.
Included lin the proposal is a risk shift in some areas, moving some financial responsibility onto
NOAA and away from 1013, If the ophorn we are presenting Is acceptable to OKllg,It creates ain
opportunity for NOAA to potentially add additional staffing to the Kodiak Fadfity.
Historically,operating costs have been mliffgcull to capture,The HVAC project that was recently
completedis expected to result In cost savings, IIB arid GSA have figured out the '1217 process
sun that it Is accurate and timely and the 1217 provided on June 1701h showed a large reduction in
oil consumption.We realize that it could be a number op items that affect tlhe oil usage cost
Including oil prices arid average temperatures,We are suggesting setting a anew base In the ine
lease,revisiting the base after 3 years and resetlirng If needed.While we agree the operating
crests should Ibe a pass-through,our preference would be to reconcile In year 3 and then every
years. Our proposal is to consider operating costs differences In the pasta stn and set a
new ba �„��, WWY �� .....�.�
e sr i<•ng �,
US,Ganoral Services Administration
4000 1 ”' Street SW
Auburn,WA 98001-6599
WWW gsa gov
na
Mage ,d 2 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
IMGSA NorthwasitArdic Region
One of the differences in this proposal is regarding t1he Renewal and Replacement Schedule, In
a typical GSA lease,the lesser is VeSpDnsible forshell costs and tenant Umprovement costs are
lhe govemment's responsibffily.We attached our review W the spreadsheet and removed is
Kems that were lenaiU irespaornsllbifily For instance,Interior doors, partitions,etc.within NOAA
space are NOAA's responsilibIlily and there is no need for the lessor to have a reserve fund to
capture these ilenvs, If NO AA wants to make changes in their space,ffiey will fund H M tine tirne,
In five categories, Interior Doors, Partitions, Floor Finishes,Wall Finishes and Celfing Finishes,
NOAA has paid$2,221,203 over,ff-m'17 years of the lease.All these items in a typical GSA
lease are the responsibility of the lenani,wiffi the exception of leaks that cause Me darnage.On
the original lease,the ceiling file wouM be a shell irespaornsibillity. but typically,once occupied,,
any changes to the ceiling driven by the tenant,are tenant cost. Discussions will also be
necessary rvjarding the responsibMily of the parties for the Seawater System changes, as
changes that are made benefit khe tenants and community,
When the new lease starts in October,NOAA will still owe approximately$2,=,OV)on the
bonds.The govemmeni,is proposing ffiak NO AA take responsIbilifty for the tenant iia PIMements
going forward avid KIB forgive Vie remMning bond debt.
The next steps that we see In the piracmsr,are for you to review Me lease package and
additional documerits and have a conference call with our tear to discuss.Revisions may be
accorriplished at that firne. We suggest a call during the week of August 3ird,please let me
know what your availability is so that I can set up the meeting,
As lime is crikical to hit the October I lease start date and provide time for KIK to process tune
information and galin approvals.we ask your advice in next steps for GSA and MOAX What Is
the Imelino we n to folilow to gain all approvals by early September?Would ft be helpful for
some of the governmenl:team to imeet In person with you and other IMB representalives to
discuss the new lease? is there anyihirig In the proposal that is would be a no-go from the KIB
perspective?
Thanks for your consideraflon..
........... 4,
Tenia Heinlisin
Lease Contracting Officer
Auburn,WA
253-931-7429
ieTfia.heInWn@gsa gown
US.General Services Advalvilstration
400 15' Street SW
Auburn,WA 98001-6599
wwwgsa.gov
12
Page 133 of 162
GSA/NOAAINMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
GSA Northwest/A rcticReglon
For additional information,we want to identify the team working on the project for the
government.
GSAe
Terria Heinlein, Lease Contracting Officer(LCO)Auburn,WA
Scott Matson, Branch Chief, L Auburn,WA
Brian Swanson, Lead Project Manager,Anchorage,AK
NOAA:
Rosita Madura, Realty Specialist, Seattle,WA
David Garton,Contracting Officer, Seattle,WA
Jeff Kapp® Director, RACE Division, Seattle®WA
Robert Foy® Supervisory Research Fishery Biologist, Kodiak,AK
Jennifer Rhee, Facilities Support Assistant
Steve Ignell, Deputy Director Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle.WA
The shell rent was calculated by taking the insurance of$22,736.00(which was on the
large spreadsheet we have been working with)and adding it to the items from the
Maintenance and Reserve that we believe are shell items which totaled$102.88100.
This totals 125861 U0.
U.S.General Services Administration
400 1 e Street SW
Auburn,WA 98001.6599
WWWgsa-gov
13
Page 134 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ! .
14
Page 135 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM#2.b.
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Page 136 olf 162
GSAMOMINIMIFS p
AGENDA ITEM ® .
Note:This discussion is a summary of the two spreadsheets attached to your
February 11 work session packet.
SPREAD SHEET
2—GSA/NOAA MOST FAVORABLE LEASE INTERPRETATION
• GSA contention that the reexamination of the space leased by GSA performed by Borough and
NOAA staff lowers their overall use of facility space from 81.2%to 75.3%and this lower figure
should be applied from year 3 of the lease(2000-2001)forward(Exhibit G,Operating Costs,
page 1).
• GSA contends that they have been making payments for the repair of certain equipment twice:
Once when a portion of their lease fees are placed into the Maintenance Reserve Account,then
again when they pay for the actual repair or maintenance of the equipment as part of the
facilities O&M costs.
• GSA contends that they,have paid for additional KIB staff(half of a second interpretive Specialist
position,and a portion of a Maintenance Coordinator's allocation of salaries without a lease
amendment).
• Their final analysis shows that GSA overpaid KIB$1.7 million
SPREADSHEET#2—KIB'S MOST FAVORABLE INTERPRETATION
* KIB contends that there is no language in the lease allowing the percentage of allocated space to
be reduced or adjusted.Lease language specifically states that GSA/Nproportionate share
Is-"Established at 81.2X'(Exhibit B,pg.2)based an the lease of Ropproxtimately20,013 sqJr
Exhibit B.pg.3)a
* KIB contends that the lease allows for costs associated with the maintenance reserve portion of
the rent to be adjusted when a new R&R schedule Is developed.A new R&R schedule was
completed and agreed to by IVB /GSA during our discussions.KIB contends the language in
the lease allows this new R&R amount to be retroactive from year two of the lease forward(See
Exhibit G.Operating Costs,Page 11. Note-R&R is defined as"maintenance"under this section
based on the definition of Operation and Maintenance found in Exhibit B,P&2.This section
Includes a very broad definition of Operation and Maintenance to Include:"the amount paid to
the maintenance reserve based on projected replacement of building components,
* Results in underpayment by GSA to KIR of$624,019.25
16
Page 137 of 162
GSA/NOAAINMFS Lease Lefters
AGENDA ITEM #2-b-
Bud Cassidx
To: Jennifer Rhea-NO AA Federal
Subject- RE.-NEW Spreadsheet confirmation
From:Jennifer Rhea-NOAA Federal[lno
Sent:Wednesday, February 10,2016 1:41 PM
To-Bud Cassidy
Cc:Dora Cross;Terr[a Heinlein-IOPRA;Scott Matson-IOPRA; brian.swanSDn;Ftosita Madura-NOAA Federal; David
Garton®NOAA Federal;Jeff Napp-NOAA Federal;Robert Fay-NOAA Federal, Bill Roberts; Bob Tucker;Timothy
Modine; Karl Short; Duane Dvorak
Subjecb Re:NEW Spreadsheet confirmation
Hi Bud,
This will confirm that the"GSA/NOAA Interpretation"spreadsheet rcflccls GSA/NOAA's position.
Thank you®
Jennifer L. Rhee
Facilities Support Assistant
NOAA
® i Properties
7600 Sand Point Way NE
Seatde, WA 98115
Phone (206) 52666395
Fax(206) 27®
17
Page 138 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
N .. .
XHIBIT E
Si.� -- ....... ..V_ .... ..
Replacement and Renewal Reserve
a
Estimator OSA Cost Estimator TotallWllding Rates
system Prubncaion Projerfto of Total Cost Annual Cost
Voond ation/ ruct. S0 $ 0 This Is a.st iff Item
1'lu rc .._50 0, ..... ........ „ .. ... .,..., 9.b Iti shaeVl t itti.a
Exterior Wall System ji w 5 500,00'1.00 $ 6,566.67 li N Is a shells Itrun
ExteflorWindews 30 S ,,..4.49, 0(S S 14,96617 Inds Is a shell Item
Exterior boots 0 5 77.606:0(F$ 2566.67 Trds Is a shell itvn
Off olr5ysj tetams � " � " $ 700,ODD,00 $ 9,333.33 imiii W sQl 7Ru;
Interior Partitions/A.zerntAy 6ii $ 1,157„250.00 $ - TI item
Interior r6 198,501-00 $ Wll Item
Interior Floor 10 $M 141 00 UI Item
InteriorCeilMgflnisttsa t esafil „ . ffis..781.1 9 $ - EI m
0 ,r 230 Ite
Fl ikeol
Speltie
eying�Systems .�0�.S 366, 1.E $ 1.60L00 ........ U.uIs Is a shell heo „h
Plumbing Piping Sea Water 35 $ 400„000.00 S 11,423.57 `0'Onls is a she item
Is a shah item
ncl Systems ls
Plumbing piping 50 5 147,0[31.00 5 2,940 00 ISea Water ms Wh
S e
Plumbing Fixtures 50AI'S 51%,560.0[1 $ 1,171.20 Includes Sea Water Systems 'rMs Inc a shell item
. ..... ... ......_ .. _.,..•.” elll item
Fire Protection/Suppres 75 S 15410000 S 2,054.67 i"hIs It a sh
Fire Alarm 25 S8 000.00 $ 2,720.00 EV71s Os a sluelu item
HVAC Distribution 35 S 911,000.00 $ 26,028.57 This IIs a shell heron
HVAC Equipment 30 S i„065 $ 62,166.67 `ll s IIs a sheli item
HVAC Controls 12' .S 433,13MOD 35,1183.33 This Is a shell Item
ElIeculcal Serv/Gen 75 S 160,000.00 $ 2,133.39 74kis is a She”item
Electrical 0lstritwtion soS 4'19,000.69 $ 9,580.00 Thetis is a shell herrn
Elleafkall UghtingInterior 330' $ 573,420,00 19,M.67 I'hisisa.giellltern
Electrical Parking Ughting Exter S0 S 12,t ..00 5 240. This is a sheO hern
Special Electrical 18'' S 4116, 01 27,00D.00 nas IIs a slheu item
„ - ..-.w.. .,.mm,
S %787,612,Al 24 ,
S 195,1167.01 No"s share-75.3%
15332 HOAA Mtnffi?bida ASF
Lessor /-G.Vt �
18
Page
139 of 162
Lease rs
AGENDA ITE . .
Doiruu CrOSS
Frorwi a Tema Hehrilei a..:IIC0PRA aero°i Gn.�n��u�I�arnN
willµ Tuesday,N.iglus't lD4,201.5 2:2 PAIR
ra., Bud Cassidy;Dora Crn a „Bob Tu.er Brian Swanson w N,. Rr NIS;Kad Shoa cott,,N'ta prnrn
Subject Spreadsheets we worked Irnarnu
Attachments:
ace
Rep er nent and ennn wa$ serve aks -1iT �.ri���'urn w pw� iiaanm� year Rewii
FRnn;p6cemirrnt Schedtfle odginakpdt,KF RC 2 0 R,& c:he.Rule, revised.pdf
Hi Everyone,
th
your r �wri war. Ill w n uresen� Burne n::u;rr �''oor Ill�llrnrns because
se
��[nmur are R��n ���.rn°rnr�,:�,IIIm� R,Y�nt�w�n,n w� iu��,�r:�Milli air,�' ��rn�lh
I beheve I have one leu a shows the spaccr,calc''gory I used. The mimplrat,:frnr the srrnufll bunr,incis subcontracting
lora wvffll rh lllr:nw lauiwruunrro w.
3°rMaa,Hfudern
Leave C:"axneraaa.°lm 'ffirra:a'„fort Oca;wpaaaiq
GSA,,O'B5„ ffirgs"aana
40154h,!4 SW Anbum, IVA, 98001
15.1-931-7429 Qjice L5-3,-�K�58954 Cell
�..5:R .. —
19
Page 140 of 162
GSAINOAAINMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITE #2.b.
August4, 2015 emai................................................................................l
KIFRC.,kN iet 3Rm^m Itable Squa re IRm•mmika,3e
UIU1R RE1k3'RUIiCC14W1Pd34'WiC?
umiUm u . quo i R�adl� or mWip�k�'N sumartk�iroRipAAA Mau,11m''1
coiciri nwn Ig0q.l?.K� 3630 IG99L mmmm WRnwm m ku lYu ka 3 .�
WO 781521 WW m
PmulU'8pc idlispIllay illUpaind dow nstaIrs) 291.3 0
NOAA 3,3.9 10 32100
O,their Tenant 29710 0
WWaUay/StaUm/ILirlikirpr,all,(@1&12%)) U'P 4293
aaamcW T aikall 39711D 23384
PROPOSED O'CCUIPANCY
jw�s 9,ur. m3rcpi���9a�'R;•�' Narro d�N> A �a .a �•, mli
qui a inn&��I iii i ".� � •••• �,.
common 4577 3185 � iIm mlluukGuum mup�CII3&mim�nVll� �3 Wok
it
GIIW3 asllaWll 332,1.3 0
I'3W3
1:14853 348'3
111heir Tei a mink 2.371WR 10
@all Way/ Ralir/Entirysllvroure1@65'9, %u 5,'1 35197
33mramd"W"MaaW 319731 33r'3i
O
Page 141 of 162
GSAINOAAINMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
Buld Cassini
11111111111111111111111111111
Firorn: Brian swarmort-11131PIRAB
Sesit: Tt,wsday,Noveft'iibieir 031,21D15 11052 AIA
Tim Bluth Cassidy;Bob rucker,IU ar'l Short;Dora Cross,-Steve Igin011- N10AA Federall,'Jeff Nepf p
-N10AA Feideiir,ill; viid,,igiairiton(�'pn.„ie ,,gir3v,INtaraCbipirlt IF -IIS GAA FedistrM;Jeni rfl fo,R11hee-
N10,AA Fedip.W;NOAA;Scoti Matsoin;Terria If 1661161n;1GlsnotlNny Moidiine 110PS-C
Sublect., NOOV-k Kodak IUlflC Meeting 1--fighfiiglfts,1,d.01115
NOAM K.FBIG S A Kodiak Lvase Toam,
"Me 16frotring hightights off]”,r nwefiNg 1010W bitelftied rabe a mugh sunuipean,ofour disrussions,rspecirgillY silowe I had nwrr rourcra
inferacrion,in phis r1reefing,
please revieve andrepy to calf nith aPAY W90,ghtf VWW.'60#n hems lmaY havy Pnissedor iNutcarrectly cqpus,rcd,
Calaredfie,nit highlights acdon hearts.
DisoMirne: I U01/15,10- s 2 PE)"T"
Pairticipanvc G'SAI:SCIDU MmsonJerrha Hichflein,,"nirn Ratfint:&Ill.wlan Swanson
KIB: Buid CassifJy,Bob Tucker,Kurl Sliorl,,Di.-.)ir�l Cras's
N10AA:D'avid Garton.Jeff Napp,Rosita Maidum,kinnifu,ir Rhee,IBoh IFay
s,ng.,njNxrasinr iriorii'house-GSA(ferria and Scou)will draft an example or how the adjustment or the operating expense base would work,
over the three and rove year pehiodL 'rhe pedesis wills nand tan]ume,110 M"cath yew•to aNgn widi KFB"s rssca$ycair cncl,,bw di,,scuLsilons wfU
made any caiarr,;itiuns m ol[wrufing coasts.
2,07-01periflingCimasAdimmawnil-Tenria and Scott will review this pamposph to ensure 11 is in synch with suncrttems and changes to LOS.
4,03 CAD dirawings-111),iscuisimin conwnsus scamed so bas that irniginall cio:nsl u130filDn diseWsMGS Will IX COB vcned to iCA11 ,,Ihut shic ns-lbuilh
dirawings W1111 remain in the.piff rnanm,so conliml Te °a and rim will work on wording for what she riaw[Low will require related to
the drawings.
Jennirer will send out new lca-m to everyone.
Karl and Dom will meel offline with Terria wad Brian No look at Ilia amonimuon schedules and determine the murNthly and annual loan
payment amounts to retire the remaining principle by the end of the new lc=.
"T'he new ktase Wil 11 his 2 It Yuar hnne' 113 Years N1 rm irrunt 11 1[!W d.,is,irjir t1t1o:leaw com mcareatiav
Dfwussion of winewall and roplar.ciment the p1m Y"CMIss'.Mind for the pCin:-:10inuago,of m:culltaincy(BL7%-75.3%)and salones fi.)r
'T&Orfon. our next
E3flain Swanson, RE
Lead Project Manager
Northern Leasing Team
GSA Northwest/Arctic Region
907.271.5028 (0)907.841.6710(C)
Page 142 of 162
GSA/NOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
Bud Cass:
From: Brian Swanson--1OPSNS<Wan.swanson@gsa.gov>
Sent- Monday,August 10,2015 11:10 AM
To: Bud Cassidy,Jeff Nappy-NO AA Federal,Jennifer Rhee-NOAA Federal;NOAA,Robert
Foy-NO AA Federal;Scott Mahon,Steve Ignell-NOAA Federaijerfla Heinlein;
david.garton@noaa.gov-,Bob Tucker,Karl Short;Dora Cross,Meagan Christiansen
Subject: Kodiak KFRC Lease Phone Conference Notes and Actions-8.10,15
1t AA/ Kodiak Lease Team,
The followin highlights of our sneering tire hitended to be a helpful sgapunary of our disciessions.
Please review and reply to all with ony highlights or action Rents I may hove missed or incorrectly captured.
I used colored font below tofiirther highlight action ifems.
Date(rime. 8110115, 10- 11:30 PDT
Participants: GSA:Scott Matson,Terria Heinlein,Brian Swanson
NOAA:David Garton,Rosita Madura,Jeff Napp.Jennifer Rhee,Bob Foy
IUB- Bud Cassidy(Mariager), Karl Short(Finance),Meagan Christiansen(Special Projects),Bob Tucker
(Facilities),Dora Cross(Accountant)
Bud sl ed with a concern about passing a red-faced test with Assembly regarding past balance,not close
enough with what he would be comfortable with taking to the Assembly,
Bud needs a figure we can agree upon with a range of difference we can go forward with to his elected body.
The group reviewed the past rent and costs spreadsheet with Bob Foy and Terria leading the review.
Looked back at original net rent amount and the difference between the amount called out in the lease and an
amortization of the S8M of govemment tenant improvements.
Was the first payment to KIB made on time? That may contribute to the difference in our numbers for the
amortized cams.
Karl and Scott agreed that they would like to review the actual dates in the KIB and GSA systems,
respectively.
Terria obuilined a printout with all the payments made to KIB that she will scan and provide to KIB.
Dora thinks they already have that and will check with Cassandra first and send Tenia what KIB already has.
Review of the maintenance reserve shows$162,400 in the first year and$136,415 each year thereafter.
Using the State of Alaska maintenance reserve formulas,[lie annual total comes to over$091 per year. That
represents a major difference.
Dora brought out her reasoning for reviewing operating costs annually instead of waiting for five years and
suggested the maintenance reserve amount should be included in that review as well.
In further discussion,everyone agreed that the maintenance reserve will not change year to year,unless some
major rework is done like the HVAC project completed last year.
Bond payment and the maintenance reserves differences are the two largest points to work through. Dora will
resend Terria the latest past rent spreadsheet.
Page 143 of 162
GSAll's OAA/NMFS Lease Lefters
AGENDA !TE 2.b.
Bob and Bobwill work through the maintenance spreadsheet and the different lifespan estimates for building
components.
Carl will develop an amortization schedule for the construction bonds and the in gavcrnment T1.
,.
Bob and B uab
R. , reru
.. t thin h the s ac � adsh et. "-r1he are on the.same page fair the most p and will update
the group at the next meeting.
The next meeting is onTuesday,Aug M beginning at 9 a.m.,fig' ' 110 ma.rma,I D,r.
oriein
907»27-1.5626(0)
917.841,67-1 ( )
33
Page 144 of 162
GSAINOAAINMFS Lease Letters
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
Bud Cassl
Fro Tucker
Sent: Tuesday,February 09,20169:10 AM
To: Bud Cassidy
u j e Sq footage
Guess it was a few years ago here is where we started ons ate in 09.
[sent- dn a�" , o@r 07 , Earliest Recordthat space s I looked t
6 , a °
Subject:Sq rootage
Ok here is the total square footage I came up with everything,entryways,circulation, mechanical,water storage,sand
filters,boilers,ECT and the pump house the grand total is 39027.
RobertTucker
Maintenance Coordinator
Kodiak Island Borough
(907) ®9342
r
Pag
e 145 of72
AGENDA ITEM #2.b.
Bud Cass
No=
From: rer6a Heinlein 10PEtA Oefflii.heinleinftsagov>
spat: Tuesday,lube:14,201,5 2:23 P11A
Tm i u d Eaa.msddddr
Cc" Roben Fay(vobsir1JqV. @nnaa.gcv),--Onain Swanson-IOPSNS;Rosita Mmlum-NOAA
Federal,David irianoru NOAA Federal,'.Seff Napp-NOAA Federal;Scott IMatsDn
Subject- Lease IPackage for a succee&g lease for I AK06090
Attachments: I etter to KIB re new lease 6-25-2015.doc;Succepding-Superseding_RLPjForm,..,,ll-1-102
-Wy 201.5,docx;Succeediirrg-Supered�ngfixnL'13ri4C�_andjnstructionLs _ewer room
changes.P8223A(1).docx;GSUM7 re,vrised'7 8-2015.1pdf,
PirpleaseFIPI[.SE-vallualtiouir-orn%12000(1�artA&B) dleakOS112015.pdf,Lease with no track
chased ges'7-9-2015.dncx1-Revised Proposed Floor Pim-t1pidt General Clauses..GSA Form
3517R...dea%0327201.5.docx,GSA Form 351.8_6earw-0327201S.docx,SAM Reps, snd
Cefts Aa:lderidt.oirTk-cVeaii-032720'.I,.S(1).docx;SrnaH Business Sub-Convacting Nan.docx
Hi Bud,
Here is the package that ScWt and I told you about on Thursday for your rewiew. Please lea me Ildnow if you
havii.^any questions regarding this papenvoirk,
Th;inks,Teirria
rima Heinlein
Lease Cxneracthog Qflicer,Poil Occiopancv
I eashig Division
GSA,PHS,NarthwestlArcUrRegion
On 1.5do SI SW,Auburn, WA 98001
2.53-931-7429 Qjfte 253-22.5-8,95-'r Cell
253-931-7384 F'ar
Page 146 of 162
GSAINOAA/NMFS Lease Letters
,Rt III ISENDA !TL III # b
........................
E. 19 lWi Gwoemment r:rccupIes Ilia Prerrises,ter lass Than Ian Wr f:,WerW-ar month.then Irent SW be pforWed based on Rho actiNg ntimbar al days
of acculuincy kor iltmil mwth.
F� Sent shWI be palld lo Lasiov R. dw.:,i.irnn1c lund.transfer In accoridarre awlith the pawlMorm al Ilia Gisneirrial Usumn. Rord shall be 1pay,-d.-As to
1he Payee desfqrraleit by the Lassr:w In the Systern for Awoffd Menagemont,(SA#A). 11 tho payee ks 1111wwo kcm Hie I essor,hoth pdyas and I lessor
must The rpiltstaired In SAIi
G1 Lai!mor shaN prrrvida lo His(k.wernnwiffl,IIn exchange lot Ihs Ipaymonk of whd and as hor spiu.5riml mmskft",On,ths
I Tho Wauiluid Weriest kl the Paup.My dww1boA qn the parragraph unfiled'rho Piramlses,'
2 AA costs,isarlpram.as arKI lues to,podo.,mm khe wn*vaquIoed[of lumispIarce iD#His Repoftes 1n,lmcRWxe Wth thlis Leas,e,RvxApding
s1I casm Ituar gal-3w,rnaladaw"and eqUpment,profl or%uq lewL coMraclor leas,WarnWeos,pwwwi4 Rees,Inspwilion lues1l awJ cRrnfte such luse,arvJ
WI x6rated eirpewe&
3, ParlonTiance wwWacbmi of al IM-rar chlIqaIlk.wa set Wi Rn 11Dwps lt.ioas%and WI wilces,Wittes,arvJ wiWnwnance nlIquker.J Wr
Ike prupw i")pGrafim s9 Ole pmper�
y,The Bwifir;l"g,and'the Peewtsns IIn accordwwewift Rho lerrim IA Me Lease,finchodlngbra nw ftilwl#a,,W1
Inqm,cflons,mndReam flans,rep&s,Yisp!aceirnenls,and IM11xviements requRrml to be made thwelo Rau mael Me TequIrpmenft al khts Limus.
K PwMing shw0 The piroWded at no cost.
U4 TEMAIINAT014 IR IGI-ITS(AU11:111 2011)
"he almy levrnWiate INs II..e .,IIn rNRro O icor In Part,at any firrie iliflm:flve aher The FIRn'15im of Ih6-11 aase,by pivividing nal loss IN--n 310
days"prkw wduen w Uce la the Lermor, The iaffiiicfirm dake o11lhe W. Rho n y loBow'Ang The Irl'oradmiz OF Pro mquIt"Id notIcis poflor$or
Na vinual shWO orcme after Rho efledhea date of qofn0afinn
1.03 DOCI)MUFFS INCORPORATED IN THE LEASE$OWR 201 5)
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Page 1147 of'162
I ease I efteirs
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Kodiak Island BoroughEngineering&Facilities Department
710 Mill Bay Road
y Kodiak,Alaska 99615
jp��w
� � Phone(907)486 9348 Fax Q7g 486 9394
ilEaa kdiakak.us
MEMORANDUM
DATE.., February „21316
TO, IKIIR Assembly
: Bud Cassidy--Borough IManager
Bob Tucker,KIB Engineering Department dDlrectanr
FROM., Joseph kdpka,IKdl3 Engineering Department
Eu KIB Landfill ll incdneratter 0ean Aur Act Penalty Review and Response
Purpose,,
This rnarnoranduur n presents the proposed Fatly forward to review and respond to the penalty assessed
by the Alaska Department of Environmental Conversation(ADFC).....DVvi.slon of Aur Quality for operating
the I01B Landfill Incinerator without ouutt tth required permits,emission control devices,tarainin ,and
operational plans to handle and treat medical/lnffectiowus waste.
introduction:
Followlng a meeting with Kl5 E/F staff,AICDIEC-A'ur Quality,and the Environmental Protection Agency�EPAJ
–Air Quality on November 25,201,4 during which the Kllt selNnffnort d the non-compliant operadon of
the II.arndffdlll Incinerator and voluntarily elected to Immediately shut down the Incinerator operations,
operation of the Incinerator was Initially extended until December 26,201.4,avid dean finally shut down
(at the request of Providence Kodiak Island Medical canter)on February 28,2015. Both ADl C and EPA
supported extending operation of the Incinerator to accommodate the medical/Infectious waste
generators on Kodiak. A request ffor lnfforumaatluun regarding operational details was submitted to KIB F/F
staff anon.Danauary 8,2015,the information was provided to AttDIE C—Air Quality on Fade ruuary 4,201.5 as
requested, On June 30,2015,the 1013 received a Notice of Violation(NOV)from AIDIFC-Air Quality for
dorsa violations cuff Alaska air Quality Statues for the time periods September 15,2000 through February
28,20:15 and May 23,2014 through February?K,2024. A copy or the Notice of Violation letter Is
attached for reference.
Penalty Assessment ntt and Proposed Response:
FDn danuuary 2.5,2016,AIDFC-Air Quality and Alaska Department of Il..awar representatives met with KlB IE/F
staff,the KIB MarnaKer,and KIIIIy Attorney„ DuurdnK the meeting,ADEC presented the penalty assessed as a
result of the non-cnrrrnpl°nant operation of the Incinerator and the values and formulas used to calculate
the penalty. The total penaltywas calculated to Iho-e$347,177.07�
'The ltlR Is of the opinion that the penalty was excessive and not jnustlffOad given the reKaulatory oversight
of the Landfill,by beetle ADEC and EPA,from 2002 to date and Klwuen the KIB sellff.reported and then
IPage 148 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
voluntarily shut down the incinerator operations. the Landfill Is Inspected by ID C-Solld Waste Division
annually and included in the inspections has been the Incinerator. The Incinerator operations are
referenced In the Solid Waste Permits Issued by ADEC every 5 years,the reference includes the types of
wastes(medical waste)handled/treated at the Landfill. The meeting concluded with ADEC offering to
provide the KIB the figures,formulas,and regulatory references used to calculate the penalty so that the
KIB could reviews and then respond to the penalty and/or method employed to calculate tine penalty.
Following the meeting,the KIB AtlorneV,Joe Levesque,strongly recommended that Susan Harvey of
Harvey Consulting The retained to review the figures,formulas,and regulatory references used to
calculate the penalty and to then prepare a response to present to ADEC in order to decrease the
amount of the penalty. Ms.Harvey and her farm,Harvey Consulting,has extensive experience with air
quality permitting projects,air quality permit appeals,and air quality regulatory development projects In
Alaska,the U.S,and Internationally, A copy of the Statement of Qualifications(SOQ for Ipso Harvey and
Harvey Consulting is attached. The KIB E/f staff concurs with Mr.Levesquue"s recommendation to retain
Ms.Harvey to review and respond to ADEC.
,Also attached is the draft consulting agreement Ibetwween Harvey Consulting and the IN ouatliroavng the
approach to be used to evaluate the penalty assessed by ADEC and then write the response to ADC to
resolve/reduce the penalty. included In the draft proposal is the estimated effort(40 to 56 houursi and
coast($6,000 to$8,400)to review the data and write the response. Also provided is the irate sheet for
Ms.Harvey and Harvey Consulting for reference.
if approved,the K1113 will immediately retain Ms.Harvey avid her farrn to review/respond to ADEC with
the goal to,at minimum,reduce the amount of the One, Alternatively,Ms,Harvey with assistance from
the IN g/IF may suggest Supplemental(Environmental projects( IFP,$)such as additional employee
training programs and/or educational outreach programs to the community promoting waste reduction
/
pollution prevention to off-set the penalty,
Page 2 of 2
Page 1149 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
MEN
MOORE
Department of Environmental
THE STATE Conservation
"INLASKADIVISION OF AIR QUALITY
� wrj
Air Permits Program
GovEPNOR BILL X-VALKER 619 E SNP Creek Avenue,Wte 249
AL Anchotoge.Ala sko 995DI
n.407-264-7577
Tall Free:866-241-2=
F=907-26475M
www.clec.alasko.gov
CERTIFIED MAII—7014 0150 0000 1163 6676
Return Receipt Requested
June 30,2015
Joseph T.I-ipk:i,Solid Waste Manager
Engineering&Facilities Department
Kodiak Island Borough
710 Mill Bay Itoad
Kodiak,A K 99615
Subject: Notice of Violation Nm 14-8.019740-0001 for Failure to ObL-dn an Operating permit
under AS 46.14.120(a), AS 46.14.130(a),and 18 AA C 50.326,and for Failurc to Comply
with 18 AA C 50.040(g)(3),Enforcement Tracking No14-ROI 97-40-ODOI
Dear Mr.ljpka:
'I'lic Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (die Department) is writing this letter to
transmit the enclosed Notice of`solation(NOV)to the Kodiak Island Botough.
The DcP2rtMCnt is issuing fl-tis NOV alleging that the Kodiak Island Borough (JOB) has violated
Alaska Air Quality Statutes 46.14.120(2)and AS 46.14.130(u),and has violated Alaska Administrative
Codes 18 AC 50.326 and 18 AAC 50,040(g)(3). Please refer to die NOV for specific details on the
alleged violation.
'I'lic Department acknowledges KIBs response to the incident and their cooperation with the
Department in seeking to remccUnte the violation. ne Department requests that KIB contact tile
Department by July 20,2015 to schedule a mecting to discuss the alleged violations and settlement
options.
If you have questions regaiding this NOV, or to arrange a meeting,please contact me at(907) 269-
7693 or email me at adxnsa&W@z1uka-gov.
Sincerely,
Ad nx Snaid
Enforcement Officer
Clean Air
Page 150 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Kodiak Island Borough juna3i),2015
Madical Wasic Incfnctaa®r Enfoncemeng Tracking No.14-1!0197 40 ODDI
Credential No,R-0294,Expires 8/23/15
Enclosure: Notice of Violation No.14-RO197,4040001
Cc. Aaron Lambert,EPA/Region 10,Seattle
John Pavitt,EPA/AOO,Anchonige
jetemy Pink,A DEC/APP,Anchorage
Jim Baumgartner,ADEC/APP.Juneau
Kym Bronson,ADEC/SWP,Anchorage
Bud Cassidy,Kodiak Isbrid Borough Manager
1+, 1w K H111,111telt tl Ydjiq jmoiji h6,:d0dhb1 I Ij=jlfrt ujqi,d kjmd! 111: II Linc f Ium.qujh,Nhdir,fl\`,-w
Page 151 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Kodiak Island Borough June 30®2.015
hiedicil Wasic Inconcolor Enforcernrlung No.14-R()197 40 0001
`I` OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION
STATE OF ALASKA
NOTICE OF VIOLATION
17-adure to Obtain an Operating permit undcr AS 46.14.120(a),AS 46,14°1300),and 18 AA C 5032G.
and Failure to Comply with 18 AA C 50.040(g)(3)
To: Joseph T.Lipka,Solid Waste Manager
Engineering&Facilities Dcps
Kodiak Island Borough
710 MiH Bay Road
Kodiak,AK 99615
Enforcement Tracking No. 14-RO19740-0001
-flic Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (the Department) alleges that on or about
September 15, 2000 die Kodiak Island Borough (KIB) did unkwfully fail to submit a permit
application to obtain Tide V operating permit for the installation and open don of a stationary source
subject to federal Solid Waste Incinerator standards ® a I-lospind/hiedical/Infectious Waste
Incinerator(I-IM[WI)®located at die Kodiak Island Borough L2ndfdl Baler Facility in Kodiak,Alaska.
The Department also alleges that KID unlawfully failed to operate the HMIWI in accordance with
state and federal regulations, Such actions ate in violation of Alaska Statutes (AS)46.14.120(a) and
AS 46°14.1300)®and Alaska Administrative Codes I B A.AC 50.326 and 18 AAC 51040(g)(3). is AAC
50.040(g)(3) adopts by reference federal Tide 40 Code of Federal Register(CFR) 62,Subpart HFIH
(Federal I'lin Requirements for Hospital/Medicil/Infectious.Waste Incinerators Constructed On Or
Before December 1,2008).
Spedfic delads of Ilk allc&d tialations arr prwided aifollows.
On November 12,2014,Department Air Pert Program staff were notified that IUB wets operating
a HNIIWI at the Kodiak Island Borough Landffll. On November 269 2014, KID representatives
confirmed to the Department and US EPA Region 10 (via teleconference) that KID has operated at
HNIIWI at the Kodiak Island Borough Landfill since 1994 when die MIMI was installed. KID
provided additional info a to by e- ail verilying the contract for installation was awarded in 1993.
On January R®2015 the Department issued an Info ation Request letter pursuant to AS 46A4. 20(b)
requesting additional information from KID pertaining the HMIWI, 1n2lcucrdatcdFebruary4,2015
in response to the Deputment's Inforniation Request letter, KID acknowledged and provided
supporting documentation veri4ing the installation and operation of-a HNIM at the KID 1-andfill.
KID acluiowledged dint installation of die H NIIWI commenced on February 22, 1994,and that the
HMIWI is anAdvanced Combustion Systems, Incorporated Incinerator Model CA-300, rated to
combust 200 pounds per hour (lbs/hour) Type 0 ... sh", 300 lbs/hourTyPc I "Rubbish", 375
lbs/hour Type 2"Refuse".and 150 lbs/hour Type 4"Pathological"waste. KID acknowledged that
Page 152 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Kodiak island Borough June 30,2015
Medical Wasic Incinerator EnForcerricrit'riucking No 14 RD%97,40 00DI
die HN11WI is not equipped with emission control devices. KIB stated that medical/lilfccuous waste
processed by the KID incinerator composes 48% of die total volume of waste (average percent
processed fro rn 2008 through 2014). The unit does not qualify for a c&fixing exemption.
40 CFK 62 Subpart HHH applies to I-INIM for which construction of the HMIWI commenced oil
or beforejuric 20, 1996as described in §62.14400(a)(2)(i). KIB has confirmed that construction of
their H MpYl commenced in 1994,therefore the unit is subject to the rule. KIB's HNIM is therefore
subject to the provisions of 40 CFR 62 Subpart HHH.
Ile FI 114y11 that KIB owns and operates meets the definition of"Small Rural HNIM" (a small
HMIWI which is located more than 50 miles from the boundary of die nearest Standard Metropolitan
Statisdcal Area and which burns less than 2,000 pounds per week of hospital waste and medical
infectious waste as described under+62,14490).
KIB is a "person" as defined in 46,14.990(21). MIS is both owner and operator of the FINIM as
defined in 46.14,990(20) and(19)respectively.
Alaska StatutcAS 46 14,15(9 requires the owner or operator to apply for art air guality operating permit
no later than 12 months wafter the date that a SWI becomes subject to die operating permit program.
§62.14481 requires die owner/operator of HMlWl subject to the subpart to submit a title N1 permit
application in time for it to be deterritined or deemed complete by no later than September 15,2000.
KIB did not apply for or obtain an or quality pe °t from the Department for the operation of this
incinerator.
VIOLATION 1: Starting on September 15, 20W through Fcbruiry 28, 2015, fading to submit a
timely and complete operating lie °t application in violation of 40 CFR 62014480, 62-14481, AS
46.14-120,46.14.130 46.14.150,and 18 AA C 50.326(a).
VIOLATION 2: Stirung on September 15,2000 through February 28,.2015,operating a stationary
source subject to the perriurting requirements of the Clean Air Act-without an Air Quality Control
Operating Permit or application shield in violation of 40 CFR 62.14480,62.14481,AS 46,14.120,AS
46,14-130,AS 46,14.180 and 18 AAC 50.326(a).
VIOLATIO N1 Starting on May 13,2014 through February 28,2015,operatings stationary source
subject to 40 Cl-R 62 Subpart HHH, adopted by reference under 18 AA C 50-040(g)(3), without
meeting or demonstrating compliance with the provisions of that Subpart by the required compliance
date of May 13,2014 as rcquiKed by 62-14470(a). Specific requirements are was Follows
1) Failing to demrens ua to compliance with the emission biro)[ requirements of Table I of the
subpart and with stack opacity as required by i�62.14411 and §6114411 KIB acknowledges
that enussions source testing has not been performed on the KIB incinerator.
2) Failing to meet the Operator Training and Qualification requirements of§62.14420 through
§62.14425. KIB acknowledges that 1 113 Baler Facility Operators did not receive training as
required in 40 CFK 62-14420,14421
3) Faihng to maintain a Waste Management Plan is required by §62.14430 through §62,14432.
l(IB acknowledges that a Waste Management Plan,as described in 40 CFR 62.14431,was not
prepared for die KI B Baler Ficilit),and the incinerator operations.
Page 153 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Kodak Isl2nd Borough June 30,2015
hfvdwil Waste Incincmar Enforceera Traclung No.14 RGI 97-40.0001
4) Failing to demonstrate compliance with the Inspection Requirements outlined in §62.14440
through§62-14443. KJB stated that the KIB Baler Facility Operators inspect the incinerator
prior to operation"in general accordance with 40 CFR 62.14442"butacknowledge deet there
are no records or documentation of those inspections.
5) Failing to demonstrate complLince with the Performance Testing and Monitoring
Requirements of§62.14451 through §62.14455. KIB acknowledges that emissions source
testing has not been performed on the KIB incinerator.
6) Failing to comply with the Reporting and Recordicceping Requirements of§62,14460 through
§62.14465. KIB acknowledged that operational data"as described in 40 CFR 62.14460--14465
was not collected or recorded.
7) Fiffing to complete the Compliance Schedule requirements of§62.,14470 and 562.14471.
8) Falling to comply with the permitting Obligation outlined in§62.14480 and§6114481.
The Department acknowledgcs that KIB certified in their February 4, 2015 response letter to the
Department that IOB planned to permanently discontinue operation of the incinerator on February
28,2015 and will no longeraccclit untreated medical waste for incineration and disposal. 1011certified
they informed their incinerator users/waste generators of this via letter, and informed the waste
generators that"Medical/infectious wastes,unless properly treated(sterilized or disinfected) cannot
be disposed ofat tile KIB IandfilL Mcdical/infectious waste cannot be placed into dumpsters, roll
carts,and/or disposed of at the IUB Landfill without being properly sterilizcd/disinfected lust."
Penalties for violation of state statutes ind regulations can be quite serious. In 1 civil action,a person
who violates or causes or penrlits to be: tiolated a provision of this regulation, may be liable to die
State for substantial monetary damages under AS 46.0.3.760.
Depending on the nature of the violation,KIB may also be liable for the state's response costs under
AS 46M,822,for penalties under AS 46.03.758-759,for administrative penalties under AS 46.03.761®
or for other kinds of damages or penalties under other statute&
In a criminal violation, an person who acts with crit 'nal negligence may be guilty of 1 Class A
misdemeanor. Under AS 46.03.790. Upon conviction,a defendant who is not in organization niuly
be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding $10,000.00 and/or sentenced to as defim te to of
imprisonment of not more titan one year. Upon conviction,a defendant that is an orgy vuzation may
be sentenced to pay a fine not exceeding the grei ter of$500,000.00 or an amount which is dirce times
die pecuniary damage or loss caused by the defendant to another or property of another. Under AS
12.55.035.Each day of violation may be considered a separate violation. Alasim laws allow the State
to pursue both civil and criminal actions concurrently.
Nothing in this Notice shall be construed as a waiver of tile State's authority or as-an agreement on
the part of the State to forego judicial or administrative enforcement of the above-described
violation(s) or to seek recovery of damages, cost and penalties as prescribed by law. In addition,
nothing herein shall be construed as a waiver of enforcement for past,present, or future violations
not specifically set Forth herein.
Page 154 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Kodiak Island Borough June 30,2015
Mudical Wastc Inancraior Enforcemene Mucking No.14 1;0197 40 DOO I
AdailSan
-i id, T—
Enforcement Officer
Credential No. R-0294,Expires 8/7-3/15
Personally Served
(x) ScntbyCerdficd Mail
#2914 also Q00110-0-7fi
an the AL day of jung,2011L
t I,[(M 1 111)f,V 1) j r in 11, r j 11 11 11 111 fi:q 1R 11 1l,1I 1l11"N
Page 155 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
(!1ARVEY
0N' S I YLTIN(JI'91 LC.
Susan I larvey has over 29 years ofexperience working on environmental issues and oil and gas projectsMs.
Harvcy is Clic owner of Harvey Consulting,LLC,a consulting firm providing technical and regulator°compliance
advice,analysis,and support to clients in the United States and abroad.Ms.Harvey served as a senior manager for
the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation and has held engineering and supervisory positions at both
Arco and BP Ms,Harvey also served as a University of Alaska Engineering Department Professor instructing the
Masters of Engineering Air Pollution Control course.
Ms,Harvey's ey's experience includes air and~water pollution abatement design and execution,best management
practices,environmental assessment of project impacts,oil and gas exploration and development,and oil spill
prevention and response planning As an Alaska Department ofEnviro me ial Conservation Manager,Ms.Harvey
issued Notices of Violation,assessed penalties and negotiated Compl nmcc Orders by Consent and Settlement
Agreements Ms.Harvey has provided technical support to the Aleutians East Borough,the North Slope Borough,
and the Prince William Regional Citizens Advisory Council that represents the communities of Valdez,Homer,
Cordova and Kodurk.She has worked on air quality permitting projects,air quality permit appeals,and air quality
regulatory development for Alaska and other l,.U,S Clients Ms. Harvey ey%vas a Senior EnginBP's Environmental
R Regulatory Affairs Department with prunary responsibility for air quality engineering,technical and permitting support
for Nordistar,Badami,Milne Point Facilities and Exploration Projects,
Ms. ey has worked on oil mid gas projects in Alaska,New York,Pennsylvania,Ohio;,West Virginia,Colorado,,
Teras, New Mexico„ California, d Oklahoma, as %ell as in Canada, Australia, Russia, Greenland. Belize, and
Norway Ms. Harvey has nutftored numerous technical reports related to oil and gas project construction,operation,
d abandonment, including best practices for oil and gas well construction, air and coater pollution abatement
design and execution, environmental assessments of oil and gas projects, and oil spill prevention and response
planning. Ms 1-iarvey holds a Master of Science in Environmental Engineering and a Bachelor of Science in
Petroleum Engineering
Education S aro:
Environmental Engineering Petroleum Engineering
Masters of science ac Blur of Scie ce
University of Alaska Anchorage University of Alaska Fairbanks
Consulting Services:
Oil and gas,environmental,regulatory,compliance advice and training
Oil spill prevention and response planning
13 Air pollution assessment and control
Harvey Consulting,LLC
110 Box'7711026 Fable Diver,Alaska 99577
Email shan'cN@nnaonline.met„Phone(907)694,,79941 Fax (W)7)694-7995
Page 156 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Harvey Consulting,LLC 2
Resume of Susan Harvey,Owner
Emplou ment.StgmmaKy:
2002-Current Illarvey Consulting,LLC.
Oveer of a consulting business providing technical and regulatory compliance advice,analysis,
and support to clients in the United States and abroad.
2005-Current Ilarvey Fishing,LLC.
Co-owner and operatorol'a commercial salmon fishing business in Prince Willi wn Sound Alaska
2002-2007 University of Alaska at Anchorage
Environmental Engineering Graduate Level Program,Adjunct Professor Air Pollution Control
1999-2002 Stage of Alaska,Department of Environmental Conservation
Environmental Supervisory Position
Industry Preparedness and Pipeline Program, Manager, Alaska Department of Environmental
Conservation,Division of Spill Prevention and Response Managed 30 staff in four remote offices
Main responsibility was to ensure all regulated facilities and vessels across Alaska submitted lugh
quality Oil Discharge Prevention and Contingency Plain to prevent and respond to oil spills Staff
included field and drill inspectors,engineers,and scientists.Managed all required compliance and
enforcement aclioftq.
1996-1999 Arco Alaska Inc.
Engineering and Supervisory Positions held
Prudhoe Buy Walerflood and Enhanced Oil Recovery Engineering Supervisor Main responsibility
wre
as to set the diction for a team of engineers to design,optimize and manage the production over
120,000 barrels of ail per day from approximately 400 wells and nine drift sites,from the largest oil
field in No America Responsible for six concurrently operating drilling and%vurkover rigs.
Prudhoe Bay Satellite Exploration Engineering Supervisor for development of'six new Satellites Oil
Fields. Main responsibility %vas to set the direction for a multidisciplinary learn of Engineers,
Enviironmental Scientists, Facility Engineers, Business Analysts,Gcoscientists, Land,Tim, Legal,
and Accounting.Responsible for two appraisal drilling rigs.
Lead Engineer for Arco Western Operating Area Development Coordination Team.Lead a multi-
disciplinary team of cogincers and geoscientists,working on the Prudhoe Bay oil field.
1989-1996 BP Exploration(Alaska),Inc.
Environmental,Engineering,and Supervisory Positions held
Senior Engineer Environmental&Regulatory Affairs Deparancifl.Main responsibilities included:
air quality engineering, technical and permuting support for Northstar, ad i, Milne Point
Facilities and Exploration Projects
Senior Engin /Litigation Sup pon Manager Duties included managing a multidisciplinary
litigation staff to support the ANS Gas Royalty Litigation, Quality Bank Litigation and Tax
Litigation. Main function was to coordinate, plan and organize the flow of work arriongst five
contract attorneys,seven in-house attorneys,two technical consultants,eight expert witnesses,four
in-house consultants and nventy-two staff members.
Senior Planning Engineer Provided technical, economic, and negotiations support on Facility,
Power Water and Communication Sharing Agmemencs,Responsibilities also included providing
Harvey Consulting,LLC
PO Box 771926 Eagle River,Alaska 99517
Email sharvcy4i,inuicni ine net,Phone (907)694-7994,Fax (907)694-7995
Page 157 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
Harvey Consulting,LLC 3
Resume of Susan Harvey,Owner I
technical assistance on recycled oil issues,ballast%voter disposal issues,chemical treatment options,
and contamination issues.
Production Plarinnig Engineer Coordinated Slate approval of die Sag Delta No Participating
Area and Oil Field.Resolved technical,legal,tax,owwr and facility sharing issues.Developed an
LPG feasibility study for the Endicott facility,
Reservoir Engineer Developed,analyzed and recommended options to maximize recoverable oil
reserves for the Endicott Oil Field through 3D subsurface reservoir models,%%hich predicted fluid
movements and optimal well placement for the drilling program. Other duties included on-site
wellbore fluid sampling and subsequent lab analysis.
Production Engineer North Slope field engincenrig.Duties included design and implementation of
`vi line,electric line, drilling and ng completions, stimulation, work-overs.and %%-cll it-sting
program-
1987-1989 Standard it Production Company,Production Engineer
Production Engineer North Slope field engineering.Duties included design and implementation of
rvirclrnc, electric line, drilling and ng completions, wc11 stimulation, work-overs and %vcll testing
programs,
Engineering Internship,Barry Watcrflood Oklahoma City OK.
119815 Conoco,Production Engineer
Production Engineer.Engineering Internship,Hobbs New Mexico,
1985-1986 New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology
Petroleum Research&Recovery Center
Laboratory Research Assistant,Enhanced Oil Recovery,,Surfactant.Research.
Harvey Consulting,LLC
PO Box 771026 Eagle River,Alaska 99577
Email.sharvey4mmonline net,Phow(907)694-7994,,Fax (907)694-7995
Page 158 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
ARVEY
(INIS
G 1I[ I[ 111C
DRAFT
January 26,2016
Joseph T.Lipka
Solid Waste Manager Environmental Specialist
Engineering&Facilities Department
Kodiak Island Borough
Office:(907)486-9348
Cell:(907)654-9266
IF=(907)486-9394
jlipka,o^kodiakak.us
hltp-flwww,.kodiakak.us
Re: Kodiak Island Borough
Consulting Agreement
This letter responds to Kodiak Island Borough's request for consulting services. Kodiak Island Borough
requested Harvey Consulting,LLC's assistance to review materials related to the Alaska Department of
Environmental Conservation's(A EC's)2015 Notice of`Violation(NOV)and proposed penalty related
to incinerator operation at the Kodiak Island Borough landfill.
The scope of work involves:(1)review of existing rilestrecords related to landfill and incinerator
operations,ADEC inspections and permit history,the NOV,ADEC's penalty computations,and any
other relevant records and correspondence,(2)review orADEC's penalty calculation method and
assumptions to determine whether there is an opportunity to negotiate a lower penalty,and(3)assistance
in drafting a written request to ADEC for NOV resolution and reduced penalty that is acceptable to the
Borough.
Based on our telephone conversation of January 25,2016,it is estimated the initial record review and
review of ADEC's proposed penalty/fine calculation would take approximately 2-3 days of time,
depending on the actual length and magnitude of records compiled by the Borough and sent to my off-Ice
electronically.Alternativel),I could come to Kodiak and review the records in person.The next step
would be to work with the Borough to prepare a complete chronology of events,along with a written
rebuttal to the penalty Zine amount.It is estimated this work would involve another 3-4 days of time.In
sum, I estimate the scope of work would take approximately 40-56 hours,although the actual time may be
shorter or slightl) longer based on the magnitude of the records,data gaps,or number of negotiation
Harvey Consulting,LLC
PO Box 771026 Eagle River,Alaska 99577
EmaiL sharvcy4o,,mlaonhne net,Phone (907)694-7994,Fan (907)694-7995
Page 159 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
II irve°Consuliin LLC
LzL .. ...�..�..�..�..�IU ............. .....................................................................,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,.,..,..--------------------,.,_. ....,..
iterations with A EC to bring this matter to resolution.Based on this time estimate,1 anticipate the cost
would run between$6,000 and$8,400.
Harvey Consulting,LLC is pleased to provide consulting services,subject to the following terms and
conditions.
Agreement for Services:
Kodiak IslandBorough's signature bclowv represents agreement to the terms and conditions of the
consulting services described in this letter.Please return a signed copy of this document to my office.
Work can commence when the signed agreement is received by Harvey Consulting,LLC.
Fees and Expenses
I larvey Consulting,LC's fee and expense schedule is attached as Exhibit A and is pari of this
agreement.Fees are billed on a per hour basis Mor all tasks performed under this agreement.The scope of
work is described above.
Term of Agreement
This agreement is effective the date approved by Kodiak Island Borough and shall remain in effect until
the completion of the project. Harvey Consulting, LLC reserves the right to terminate this agreement,
without penalty,if the terms and conditions of this agreement are not met by Kodiak Island Borough.
Please contact me at(907)694-7994 if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
Susan L.Harvey
Owner,Harvey Consulting,LLC.
The terms and conditions described in this letter of this consulting agreement are approved b) Kodiak
Island Borough
by on date:
Printed Name and Title:
stand Borough
Kodia!Ih January 2016
Page 160 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA ITEM #2.c.
J ARVEY
;OiNSULTING, LLC.
Fee Schedule
Harvey Consulting, LLC.
(EIN 80-0567729)
Attachment A
Susan Harvey(Principal)
Labor Rate $150/hour
Administrative Fees and-Expenses
Research Support Labor Rate $75/hour
Administrative Labor Rate $50/hour
Telephone charges(voice and fax) $0.25/minute
Mileage $0,75/mile
Letter/Legal size copies $0.25/page
I I"x 17"Maps/Drawi ngs $1.00(black and white)
$2.00(color)
Oversize maps and drawings billed at vendor cost.
Reimbursement for travel and travel related expenses based on actual cost.
Project related supplies and equipment based on actual cost,
Harvey Consulting,LLC
PO Box 771026 Cagle River,Alaska 99577
Email sharvey*maonline net,Phone (907)694-7994;Fax (907)694-7995
Page 161 of 162
Incinerator Fine Discussion
AGENDA !T .a.
FUTURE DISCUSSION ITEM SUMMARY
KIBSD Budget
Budget Meetings with the City/School District
Review$10M bonded project timeline and status
SD Mental Health Services Provided by the Counseling Center Contracts U corrin
Fisheries Analyst(2/6/16)
Borough Budget Manger(3/9/16)
Non Profit Funding Process Discussion Animal Control(6/2016)
Town Hall Meeting to Discuss Priorities Hospital(4/2017)
Review Capital Planning(R&R)priority list&funding source Solid Waste(4/2017)
Borough Administration Oversight
Contracting and Procurement Process/Procurement Process Presentation
Review of the Salary Schedule and Overview of the Hiring Process Budget Deadlines
KIB Vacant Positions 11 Budget Review(12/15/15)
Action Plans Manager Budget(by 4/30/16)
Contract with Waste Management KIBSD Budget(by 4/30/16)
Hospital Lease Assembly Approval(by 6/10/16)
Assembly Operations
Teleconferencing Ordinance
Role of Elected Officials During an Incident Command System
Boards,Committees,and Commission Structures/efficacy
Village Presentations at Regular Meetings
Fisheries
FWG Structure and Purpose
Review Fisheries Analyst Contract
Consolidation
Consolidation of Fire Departments
Updated Friday,December 18,2015
Page 162 of 162
KODIAK ISLAND BOROUGH
WORK SESSION
Work Session of:
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