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2014-05-29 Work Session Kodiak Island Borough Assembly Work Session Thursday, May 29, 2014, 7:30 p.m., Borough Assembly Chambers Work Sessions are informal meetings of the Assembly where Assembly members review the upcoming regular meeting agenda packet and seek or receive information from staff.Although additional items not listed on the work session agenda are discussed when introduced by the Mayor,Assembly,or staff,no formal action is taken at work sessions and items that require formal Assembly action are placed on regular Assembly meeting agenda.Citizen's comments at work sessions are NOT considered part of the official record.Citizen's comments intended for the"official record"should be made at a regular Assembly meeting. Page 1 . CITIZENS' COMMENTS (Limited to Three Minutes per Speaker) 2. AGENDA ITEMS 2 - 11 a. Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentations Regarding the Timber Harvesting Issue for the July 10 or July 31 Work Session Agenda Item Request Received - Kodiak Conservation Society.pdf Aerial Photos Submitted by Kodiak Conservation Society.pdf Agenda Item Request Received - Veeh - Leisnoi.pdf Letter re Forestry Practices 05222014.pdf '12 - 46 b. Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and Ecosystem Services Team Leader, USDA Forest Service Dr. Deal Item Backup Information.pdf Dr. Deal Item Backup Information 2.pdf 47 - 71 c. FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding Non-Profit subcommittee memo and spreadsheet Humane Society of Kodiak corrected application 05272014.pdf 3. PACKET REVIEW 4. MANAGER'S COMMENTS 5. CLERK'S COMMENTS 6. MAYOR'S COMMENTS 7. ASSEMBLY MEMBERS COMMENTS Page 1 of 71 AGENDA ITEM #2.a •Jessica Kilborn From: Spam Alias Sent Wednesday,May 14,2014 12:50 PM To: Clerks Subject: FW:Online Form Submittal:AGENDA ITEM REQUEST FORM --Original Message From:noreplyra civicplus.com lmailto:noreplyntacivicplus.coml Sent:Monday,May 12,2014 6:35 AM To:Clerks Subject:Online Form Submittal:AGENDA ITEM REQUEST FORM The following form was submitted via your website:AGENDA ITEM REQUEST FORM Name:Peter Hanley/Bonny Mcwerthy Organization Represented:Kodiak Conservation Society(in formation) Mailing Address:16430 Virgo Avenue,Anchorage,Alaska 99516 Contact Phone Number:907-830-6146/907.654-7975 Contact Email Address:pthanlev @gcl.net Please state the item you wish to have placed on the agenda:Chiniak logging overflight report and formation of Kodiak Conservation Society.Request time slot at KIB Assembly May 29,2011 meeting. Do you intend to provide backup documentation to the agenda item request?:Yes Please Note:Applicable backup documents must be submitted to the Borough Clerk's Office at clerksW kodiakak.us. Indicate the type/format of the backup material you plan to provide:DVD's of Chiniak logging overflight conducted 5/9/14 Please state the desired action of the Assembly:Review results of Chiniak logging overflight(view DVD). Assure permanent protection of KIB's 800 acre land parcel from logging. Do you wish to present this to the Assembly?:yes Presentations are normally limited to 15 minutes.If more time is desired,please state the amount of time being requested:15 minutes Will the presentation require access to special equipment such as a computer,projector,DVD player,etc.?Please indicate:DVD Player Received by the Clerk's Office on: 1\kavl 11 14 ` 9oi4 Distributed to the Manager/Assembly on: 1, 0 3 t5I apt 4. J I Page 2 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. Discussed at the agenda setting on : Approved as an agenda item for Work Session date: Approved as an agenda item for Regular Meeting date: Informed requester on: Indicate requester was notified via:Phone, Email,Letter,or Other: Notes: Additional Information: Form submitted on:5/12/2014 6:34:47 AM Submitted from IP Address:54.134.236.155 Referrer Page:http://wvvw.kodiakak.us/index.aspx7N10=240 Form Address:http://www.kodiakak.us/Forms.aspx7FID=162 2 Page 3 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. Aerial Photos Taken Over Chiniak, May 9. 2014 1. Looking west, borough and In top right of photo 2. Looking north, borough land in top of photo 3. Looking east from above borough land 4. Looking northwest at Hidden lakes. area logged 2012/2013 5. Hidden Lakes 6. Hidden Lakes Directions are approximate Bonny McWethv honnymcwethy€grnait.com l90”654.1915 Page 4 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. _( .r.+, a yj��. •,\ `i', r 4..“” '. ...s.ytr s4;4-. ap '• ar . '4,--.- t ,,',' _ y '4'"- Ta 4„-nLT ;ar��, a - t" #' 1sS .x, :»tea; t '4' � y� I u i Nom.. . g� ,..; tea �_ , �jiit #' r?°='w t$ r "...t-'''',,,,,..i hi„�e '�" ., p °.5•. a0-0% { , '.'"' f. C".. {. / 'T r py y,?Y;,..,- .4S•'°�V Fliu ?' '_...r—.• rev �F ,iy .Jt. ? �$n,° ° .Fti . ,.rte M*- 'sr lx F, +i a t' rY .. Y• wad IC 7 "_ .. _ - u rya , , ,,.' �.a+ /wet e$Tt 5e4441 3 x. *-§r.',47—;"4 d.. 'Pr r .+ 6 p r 4 z .- , r.*� r x `a' ar;, kip S "i *34"" k a x gat }} nt strefitt, ..- b, g! 1 ryy'.C�'e. r _ ty cr .w .. - ¢ ' rte` +r %i i. " s v�y yrra ds 4 T �'`�y� ;' T� A.' ll r u°� 7 x k'r �w, ys�'ra.yy, v' ' + * x .A).ff 11 a r ar i xy,., ' .. tom- r& ,yyTi -V.i4t? ,r z r. star' D� ' � L* ,, �' , "rc' >t ti- _ YF� r�` f� r.. i e Yd*B.aRr� c r d" „S'�� * i a 1� r a. t a :",„14-4. . € C r it 7 i; of r ' i r , --'y calif . i F i Page 5 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. ,I } Std r r '- a I , � ' r Y G 4. P i 04 4 iic 1 u , .'1 �f *Is 3 � , 4. '` x iei x x ., fryt :c +''.- � /}jamj�' : ; h S1 T 4 { '' -,•1M-r; '-`,;--.` :'niiMit0;A:ceraii." - , IF i J a �$j may( .+' �$ f , ...„ . ..-.„ -.74):4104:}444`M`.- iiy �, 'd'` 3 ' ��M : :r « N .x. 74 ._k3, rE 'i a-. K..-� a +.�yTW, { rte. Y" A C Lf "`� P y,�Fn N".1 ro .. .. x �--' " . h . yy y ` Page 6 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. rK. ., r+.,,.. +�r p eyr:. ......... „ -t --.4*t"+.. ,^irk. -4 ? x .xy . .4. t �F¢y * ,-s veki a; sr '.� LR #4.%� � .� � �FsatiW�ry,{g�-* f �y; � x r^rya `�4 > 11 ,Tie g(yki. yy, o- y ye0++ ynt c x.t L `' Yk Srbr. r i'-.1~•~1*,. rr A� �iy,'# �,. ,:�3- '. 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Jessica Kilborn From: Spam Alias Sent Wednesday,May 21,2014 12:21 PM To: Clerks Subject: FW:Online Form Submittal:AGENDA ITEM REQUEST FORM From:norenly @civicplus.com Sent:Wednesday,May 21,2014 12:21:15 PM(UTC•09:00)Alaska To:Clerks Subject:Online Form Submittal:AGENDA ITEM REQUEST FORM The following form was submitted via your website:AGENDA ITEM REQUEST FORM Name:Von Veeh Organization Represented:Leisnoi Inc. • Mailing Address:341 West Tudor Rd,Suite 204,Anchorage AK 99503 Contact Phone Number:907:222.6900 Contact Email Address:weeh @leisnoi.com Please state the item you wish to have placed on the agenda:Leisnoi to discuss current timber practices in Chiniak Br vn pal Mr•tI th Do you intend to provide Ifackup documentation to the agenda item request?:No Please Note:Applicable backup documents must be submitted to the Borough Clerk's Office at clerks @kodiakak.us. Indicate the type/format of the backup material you plan to provide:none Please state the desired action of the Assembly:Just to listen at this time Do you wish to present this to the Assembly?:Yes Presentations are normally limited to 15 minutes.If more time is desired,please state the amount of time being requested:none Will the presentation require access to special equipment such as a computer,projector,OVD player,etc.?Please indicate:None Received by the Clerk's Office on:Malk 02.i f ?_o(4 t Distributed to the Manager/Assembly on : (�rn 1 L pu i ra Q(q Discussed at the agenda setting on: i Page 8of71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. Approved as an agenda item for Work Session date: Approved as an agenda item for Regular Meeting date: Informed requestor on: Indicate requestor was notified via:Phone,Email,Letter,or Other: Notes: Additional Information: Form submitted on:5/21/2014 12:21:15 PM Submitted from IP Address:206.174.32.124 Referrer Page:No Referrer-Direct Link Form Address:http://www.kodiakak.us/Forms.aspx?FID=182 2 Page 9 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. May 22, 2014 Bud Cassidy, Manager Kodiak Island Borough 710 Mill Bay Road, Room 125 Kodiak, Ak 99615 Dear Mr. Cassidy: It has come to our attention that some members of the Kodiak Island Borough (KIB) have concerns regarding forestry practices. The State of Alaska has one of the best and most up-to-date programs to regulate forest practices. The Board of Forestry(BOF) oversees the implementation of the Forest Practices Act(ETA). This Board is a diverse group of commercial fishermen, Native corporations, environmentalists, forest products industry managers,wildlife biologists,foresters, miners and recreationatists_The State Forester serves as an ex- officio member.The Board is responsible for assuring that Alaska's FPA is up to date and based on current scientific information. It also assures that the FPA is implemented in a fashion that protects water quality and fisheries and that the best management practices are used in all timber harvesting operations. For example, the FPA requires that buffer strips be left along salmon streams. An important role of the BOF is to address concerns brought to it by the public and government agencies about forestry issues and timber harvest operations.Concerns are assigned to a team of experts to evaluate based on the latest science,This team reports its findings to the BOF, who decides what action is appropriate. This action may be adopting a regulation or proposing statute change, or imposing a new best management practice. They may decide no change is warranted.This process assures forestry issues are addressed in a fair and scientific manner by a multidiscipline professional group. We urge the KIB to use the BOF to address any forestry-related concerns. Using this process assures a fair and non-political solution developed by a diverse group of experts. One principle of the EPA is "one stop shopping". It means if a private land owner complies with the FPA when harvesting its timber, it automatically complies with most related State and Federal regulations. For example, if a land owner complies with the FPA, it complies with the Federal Clean Water Act. Prior to the FPA land owners would have several State and Federal agencies telling it how to install the same culvert. It would be efficient for the KlB to the follow other government bodies.We know of no municipality that has promulgated forest practice regulations. They all rely on the State of Alaska's FPA. Some Kodiak residents are upset about Leisnoi's timber harvest.We understand that people are protective of"their"forest even if the forest is owned by someone else. To some, forest land looks terrible immediately after it is harvested,just as it looks terrible after trees have been killed by fire, insects or wind. 1 Page 10 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.a. But forests are renewable. We would welcome the opportunity to show you areas we harvested on Afognak Island 20 years ago. They now are covered by a large, growing forest. The same thing will happen in the areas harvested by Leisnoi. The KlB should take a long-term perspective. We also understand that Leisnoi's logging practices have been scrutinized by many agencies,and no violations have been disclosed. It has complied with its legal obligations. We caution the KtB to avoid making decisions simply based on aesthetics. We urge the KIB to proceed very carefully on this issue. Timber harvest is very important to many of the Kodiak area Native corporations. For many it has been the foundation of their economic development. Timber has and continues to provide countless benefits to our thousands of shareholders in Kodiak and statewide. These benefits include scholarships, death benefits, annual cash distributions and jobs. Timber harvest also supports local Kodiak businesses who sell fuel, groceries, air charter and other goods and services. Any disruption of these benefits would be tragic. We also caution the KIB to avoid imposing restrictions that would significantly limit or prohibit timber harvest operations and constitute a 'taking" This would force the KIB and the land owners into a contentious, prolonged and expensive process. We would be pleased to meet with you to discuss these matters further. Sincerely, • _, _A. So V Ore• Hambright Pre'+enVCEO tom Panamaroff.' - dent vhh Veeh,President/a0 Afognak Native Corporation Koniag,Inc. t.eisno,Inc CE Mi ael L.Kelly,President&CE• d H.Marrs, 0 hn L.Sturgeon, Presiden 4 E0 Natives of Kodiak Old Harbor Native Corporation ..hrtinkie Native Corporation 2 Page 11 of 71 Assembly Discussion to Schedule Other Entities' Presentation... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. °; Y Forest Ecology 'y4 and k f Management ELSEV IER Forest Ecology and Management 5486(2001} I-14 www.elsevier cotr✓IecateH7neco The effects of partial cutting on stand structure and growth of western hemlock—Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska Robert L. Dealt'", John C. Tappeinerb "USDA thirst Service,R4it Resean'A Staton,2270 Shen,aod time.Marron.AR 99501. USA "05575 Forest and Roneetmrd L o.ssarrm Science Center,and College of Forswn:Oregon Store Urrrenrry 6nnnllia Oft 973 1. USA Reeds ed 9 September 2000:accepted I I December 2005 Abstract The effects of partial cultist on species composition,new turd residual-free cohorts.tree size distribution and rice growth was evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands throughout southeast Alaska.These partially cut stands were harvested 12-9e years ago.when 16-96%of the former stand basal area was removed. Partial cutting maintained stand structures similar to uncut old-growth stands,and the cutting had no significant effects on tree species compnsi tier,The establishment of new-tree cohorts was positively related to the proportion of basal-area Cat.The current stand basal area, tree species composition, tout stand growth were significantly related to trees left after harvest (p<0.001).Trees Mat were 20-80 cm dblt at the time of cutting had the greatest tree-diameter and basal-area growth and contributed the most to stand growth.Diameter growth of Sitka spruce and western hemlock was similar,and the proportion of stand hard area growth between species was consistent for different cutting intensities. Concerns about changing tree species composition,Zack of spruce regeneration_and greatly reduced stand growth and vigor with partial cuts were largely unsubstantiated.Silvicultural systems based on partial cutting can provide rapidly growing trees for 1iother production while maintaining complex stand structures with mixtures of spruce and hemlock trees shorn or to old- growth sands. 2001 Elsevier Science H.V. All rights reserved. Keywonly Partial cutting,Suuul structure Tree growth;Residual trees;Regeneration;Sitka spruce:Western hemlock:Southeast Alaska 1. Introduction because elearcutting and even-aged management have been used almost exclusively since the early 1950s Recent region-wide forest-management plans in (Farr and Harris. 1971;Harris and Farr, 1974),Before Alaska (Record of Decision, 1997) have prescribed undertaking a widespread shift to partial cutting, guidelines for timber management in southeast Alaska understanding how regeneration. tree growth, and that use alternatives to elearcutting. However. very stand development might occur is essential. In parti- little is known about forest management in southeast solar, knowing if Sitka spruce (Picerr sitchen,sis Alaska, other than even-aged silvicultuad systems. (Bong.) Carr.) can be maintained in mixed hem- lock--spruce stands is important because spruce is much less shade tolerant Chun western hemlock(7suga 'Corresponding author.Present address:USDA Forest Service. PEW Research Station,PO Bet 3590.Portland,OR 97208.USA ItetetUplttl(et (Raf.)Sarg.). +I-51t3-s03?015. in southeast Alaska,stand development after major E-mail address:rdeahfsfedus(R L.Dealt. disturbances such as cleareutting follows a clearly 037S't 1277HtiS-sec Gem matter 2001 Elsevier Science 13,V.All rights reserved. PII:S0375-1127(00)00727-1 Page 12 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 2 12,L. Drat LC. fappeiner/Forest Ecology and Managelona 5486(200!) 1-14 defined pattern:a new cohort of western hemlock and intensities. `lo assess any potential changes after par- Sitka spruce develops from the establishment of new tial cutting.we studied the establishment and growth seedlings and the release of advance regeneration. of new-tree and residual-tree cohorts,the density and Tree density is high(>10,0()0 trees ha-I). the canopy growth of western hemlock and Sitka spruce trees,and closes in 15-25 years,and a period of stem exclusion the current stand structure and species composition of begins (Oliver, 1981; Alaback, 1982a: Deal et al., partially cut stands. 1991). During this stage of stem exclusion, no new trees regenerate, and other understory vegetation is suppressed for up to 100 years(Alaback. 1 9826, 1984; 2. Methods Tappeiner and Alaback, 1989). These dense young- growth stands have uniform tree height and diameter 2.1. Study areas and stand selection distributions and notably lack the multi-layered, diverse structures of old-growth stands. Eighteen stands were selected to sample a range of Small-scale, low-intensity disturbances are coin- time since cutting.intensity of cutting and geographic mon in the coastal regions of southeast Alaska (Ala- distribution throughout southeast Alaska. Potential back, 1984; Alaback and Imlay, 1989: Harris. 1989: study areas were selected from 200+ sites identified Ott, 1997). The ability of the very shade-tolerant from a variety of sources including USDA Forest western hemlock (Minore, 1979) to release and Service district files. historical records and maps. rapidly grow following overstory removal front Study areas were selected under the following criteria: small-scale disturbances has been documented in a range of "time since Butting' , with study areas the region (Alaback and Tappeiner. 1991: Deal selected from stands cut at least 10-100 years ago: et al., 1991: Ott, 1997). The response of Sitka spruce stands with only one cutting entry:a partial cut area of to partial overstory removal is unknown, however, at least 10 ha, with an apparent range of cutting spruce's ability to maintain itself in a natural gap- intensities at each site,including an uncut area; rein- phase disturbance regime was reported to be suhstan- tively uniform topography,soils, forest type and plant tially less than for hemlock (Ott. 1997). Deal et al. associations (climax vegetation-based classification) (1991), however, found that Sitka spruce regenerated within each stand; and distribution throughout the in an all-aged stand with no major disturbances for Tongass National Forest. Research sites were getter- more than 300 years- Studies in other forest types ally near the shoreline, less than 100 m in elevation, suggest that small-scale disturbances such as partial and located throughout southeast Alaska(Fig- 1). cutting often result in stands with multiple canopy layers and complex old-growth stand structures(Lor- 2.2. Plot-rrsteetion. installation. and measurement inner, 1983; Gottfried, 1992; Lertzman et al., 1996). However, the effects of small-scale disturbances on We thoroughly surveyed each stand to assess and stand structure and species composition in mixed find a range of current stand densities and cutting hemlock-spruce stands in southeast Alaska are not intensities, noting the number and size of cut stumps well understood and overstory trees. An uncut control and generally Partial cutting of forests was a common practice in three partially cut areas (light. medium. and heavy) southeast Alaska front 1900 to 1950, until pulp mills were located in each stand in 1995 and 1996. Plots were established in the region. Usually. individual were centrally located within each area. A total of 73 Sitka spruce trees were cut for sawtimber, or western 0.2-ha plots were installed in 18 stands. hemlocks were harvested for piling. leaving stands Each 0.2 ha plot contained three circular nested with variable density,species composition, and sizes. plots (0.(12, 0.05. and 0.2 ha plots) to sample trees We studied 18 of these stands to determine the effects in different size classes(Deal, 1999).All trees,snags, of partial cutting on species composition.tree age,tree and cut stumps greater or equal to 2.5 cm dbh(1.3 m) size distribution, and tree growth. In particular, we were measured in the 0.02 ha plot.Trees,snags,and sought to determine if spruce can be maintained in stumps greater than 24.9 cm dbh were measured in the these partially cut stands over a wide range of cutting 0.05 ha plot,and trees,snags and stumps greater than Page 13 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and _. AGENDA ITEM #2.b. R.L.Deaf/C. 7tppelner/Form Ecology onrl blanngentenr 3486(2001)1-14 3 Research Study Areas NR. \J\S!, III (`,,IJ..• Ns .�.�\ (JI`_\ a � .fir �. tr i roy ?- y . hey%e 1 \\ r 4, t>. A P \Y Ct LA [y�i e \ . , F k5 c-t-� i y Ke 4Lian • Study Site . j,�'��yyi..'4i 1+ le -, �l 1 fa Kilotmaas \ �a p�X50 �p�tF�Viy>� } ��f/ Fig. I. The IR study sites in southeast Alaska. 49.9 cm dbh were measured in the 0.2 ha plot.These crown class to determine tree age,diameter and basal- plot sizes were chosen to provide 10-20 trees per plot area growth, and cutting date for each stand. in each tree-diameter size class.The 0.02 ha plots had greater variability in tree numbers than the larger 2.3. Procedures for free-ring data plots, and we added two additional 0.02 ha plots at a random bearing 17 m from plot center in each of the Tree increment cores and stein sections were memo- large 0.2 ha plots to increase sample size and improve sured in the laboratory. Cores were mounted on sample reliability. grooved hoards with tracheids perpendicular to the Tree species, crown class, and dbh were measured hoard surface to provide the best resolution of tree- for all live trees to provide current stand structural ring boundaries(Stokes and Smiley. 1968).Cores and information. Species, dbh,and decay class data were stem sections were sanded, and tree rings were mea- determined for snags to provide information on tree sured under a dissection microscope using the meth- mortality. The diameter of cut stumps at a height of ods of Swemam et al.(1985).Each tree's radial growth 0.5 m (the highest common stump height) was mea- since time of cutting was calculated.Tree dbh at the sured to determine basal area of cut trees. Increment time of cutting was determined by using radial-width cores or stem sections were taken at breast height from adjustment equations for off-center cores and species- 10 to 20 trees on each plot for each tree species and specific bark thickness equations (Deal, 1999). Page 14 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. R.L, Deal..C, ToppeOrerIFon',a Ecology and Management 5)86 12001)1-14 2,4, Determination of cutting date and carting at the date of cutting.Periodic basal-area mortality per intensity hectare was estimated for each plot. We determined the proportion of stand basal-area The date of cutting was determined by using tree- cut (PROPCUT) for each plot front radial growth analyses(Lutz, 1928: Stephens. 1953; Henry and Swan, 1974:Oliver, 1982: Lorimer, 1985: PROPCUT CUTBA Bailey and Tappeiner. 1998)and verified by historical RESBA+CUTBA+MORTBA_ data,if available.Patterns of tree release indicating an at 100 (I) abrupt and sustained increase in growth for at least 10 consecutive years averaging at least 50—I00%greater where CUTBA is the stand basal-area cut.RESBA the than the previous 10 years(Lorimer et al.. 1988)were live-tree stand basal area at cutting date, and used to determine the date of partial cutting.Of the 12 MORTBA the periodic stand basal-area mortality stands with historical records, nine stands had cutting since the cutting date. We then used the proportion dates match within 1 year of the cutting date deter- of stand basal-area cut as a continuous variable in rained from increase in tree-radial growth. The other regression analyses to analyze changes in tree species three stands-which were cut at least 70 years before composition,nee cohorts,and tree-diameter and stand the study,had unreliable records,and we determined basal-area growth after cutting. cutting dates from tree-radial growth and the onset of callus wound tissue around tree scam caused by log- 2.5. Data analysis ging. We developed stump-to-breast-height equations to To determine the effect of partial cutting on tree predict tree dbh from the stump diameter, by using cohorts,species composition,and stand basal-area and forward stepwise regression analysis (Snedecor and tree-diameter growth, we blocked plots by stand and Cochran, 1980). The basal area of each stump was tested for differences among cut and uncut plots by multiplied by the appropriate plot-expansion factor to using contrast analysis(SAS, 1989).We then blocked detemline basal-area cut per hectare for each plot. plots by sand and determined the effect of cutting The diameter at the time of cutting of current live intensity on species composition, tree cohorts. and trees was determined by using increment cores and stand basal-area and tree-diameter growth. stem sections from 986 western hemlock, Sitka Tree cohorts were separated into new-tree cohorts spruce, western red cedar (77arja pleura Donn ex (new regeneration and trees that were shorter than D. Don), and yellow-cedar trees (C mantaecvpuris 1.3 to in height at date of cutting,defined hereafter as nootkarensis (D. Don) Spach). We developed site- C-I trees), and residual-tree cohorts (trees at least specific regression equations to predict dbh at the time I.3 m tali at date of cutting.defined hereafter as C-2 of cutting for all trees, relating dbh at the time of trees).We used forward stepwise regression analysis cutting to current tree dhh,basal area,species,and plot to relate the proportion of C-1 tree density and basal cutting intensity (Deal, 1999). These equations area for both hemlock and spruce on stand variables (p<0.001)explained 77-99%of the variation in tree including the stand basal-area cut, stand residual dbh at the time of cutting.The basal area of all trees at basal area, proportion of stand basal-area cut and the time of cutting was multiplied by the appropriate residual basal area of different tree species. We plot-expansion factor to determine stand basal area per regressed the proportion of spruce and hemlock tree hectare for each plot at the tittle of eatting. density and basal area in the current stand. on stand We used snag class and snag age data to determine variables including the stand basal-area cut. stand the snag dbh at cutting date,and then estimated stand residual basal area,proportion of stand basal-area cut mortality since cutting Each snag was assigned a and residual basal area of different tree species. We decay class,and an average age for each decay class also regressed the proportion of stand basal-area was determined (Hermon et al„ 1990: Palkovie, growth for C-1 trees in each stand on the previously unpublished data).The live-tree regression equations stated stand variables. We used the arc-sin square- were used for snags.and the snag's dhh was predicted root transformation of proportional data for tree Page 15 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. A.L.Deal.I.C. Tppriner/For'est Ecology and Monagenrent.5.186(2x01) 1-14 density, basal area and C-1 basal-area growth for all its). Other stands, however, had higher initial basal analyses. areas and relatively high residual basal areas left after We used trees that had grown for 60 years since cutting(e.g..Winter Harbor),and stands like Kutlaku cutting in 11 stands cut 64-96 years ago to determine Lake and Salt Lake Bay had relatively small amounts diameter growth differences between C-I and C-2 of basal-area cut but grew vigorously after cuffing western hemlock and Sitka spruce. and between C- (Table I).We found that the proportion of stand basal- 2 trees of different size classes.Regression models to area cut explained more of the variation in species predict tree dbh 60 years after cutting were developed composition, tree cohort structure, and stand basal- similarly to the models used to predict tree dbh at area growth titan either absolute basal-area cut or basal cutting date(Deal, 1999).We compared average tree- area left after cutting. diameter growth by tree size at the time of cutting. using 20 cm diameter classes for (:-4 and C-2 trees. 3.2. Density. basal alma and species composition of We tested for average diameter growth differences(cut C-I trees vs.uncut plots)for each diameter class,using a paired- sample t-test(x=0.05:Zar, 1996).We also tested for Both density and basal area of C-1 trees were average diameter growth differences between western greater in cut plots than in uncut plots, and both hemlock and Sitka spruce in the partially eta plots for were positively related to cutting intensity_ The each diameter class by using a paired-sample t-test. average proportion of C-1 trees in cut plots was x=0.05. 35.0% (S-E.=3.7) and was significantly greater The density and composition of trees in current (p c 0.001) than in the uncut plots (average = stands were analyzed by tree cohort and cutting 12.4%, S.E. =4.1', Fig.2a). Although the proportion treatment. The frequency of medium (41-70 em of C-I trees generally increased with increasing cut- dbh), medium-large (71-100 em dbh) and large ting intensity, several cut plots had no C-I trees (100+cm dbh) trees per hectare, were compared (Fig.3a),particularly in lightly cut stands(e.g..Finger for stands after cutting, before cutting, and in the Creek and Big Bear Creek, Table I). We found a current stand 60 years after cutting. We tested for statistically significant increase (p <0.001) in the average frequency differences in each diameter class proportion of C-I trees with increasing cutting finery for stands before cutting, after cutting and in the sity (R2 =0.675 for transformed tree density). The current stand 60 years after cutting using a paired- proportion of C-1 basal area was also significantly sample 1-test, greater (p=0.0002) in the partially cut plots (average=6.3%, S.F.= 1.4) than in uncut plots (average=0.3%. S.G.=0.1). In the current stand, 3. Results the C-2 basal area dominated on all plots, with more than 97%of stand basal area in C-2 trees for plots with 3.1. Cutting date and Cutting intensity less than 50% of the basal-area cut (Fig. 2b). The proportion of C-I basal area also increased with The time from cutting date ranged from 12 years for increasing cutting intensity.The C-I basal area,how- the stands at Thomas Bay and Granite,to 96 years for ever,was a minor component in all the cut plots:even Weasel Cove. Of the 18 stands, 13 were cut between in the heaviest cutting plot(96%basal-area removal), 1900 and 1942 and five stands were cut since 1958 almost hallo(the current stand basal area was from C- (Table I). The intensity of cutting varied both within 2 trees (Fig. 3b), We found a statistically significant and among stands. Cutting intensity varied from an increase (p < 0,0(11, R'- =0.634 for transformed absolute basal-area cut of 85 m'ha-1(96%of original basal area) in the proportion of C-I basal area with basal area),at Hanes Bay,to only 7 me ha-1 (26%of increasing cutting intensity, original basal area) at Portage Bay (Table I). Some C-I hemlock lives were consistently more nnmer- stands had wide ranges in cutting intensity both for the ous than the C-1 spruce trees.C-t hemlock trees were absolute basal-area cut(gaga,Margarita Bay)and in the found on 78%of the cut plots,and 51%of these plots proportion of basal-area cut(e.g..Elf Point and Gran- had more than 200 C-I hemlock trees per hectare Page 16 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... N (D 7 N P 0 7 M O 3 o Table I Range of cutting intensity and current stand composition for plots at the 18 research sites Research site Cutting Intensity" Current stand"composition O' Cutting Basal area Basal area Proportion of C-2 trees' C-I trees" D Cutting P' s date(year) (m''he I) and C-1 trees i✓ Cut(%) Cut Left (%Spruce) 1%Hemlock) Spruce Hemlock Spruce Hemlock __ CI (92 ha') Ona ha L( (trees ha-5 (trees ha I) (trees ha ) (trees ha I) N n CO Thomas Hay 984 20-29 18-19 42-77 49-7(1 1-17 83-99 5-117 232-617 (1-17 11-17 H Granite 987 18-86 9-51 9-50 13-70 (1-7 93-11X1 0-25 190-1970 0-100 11-125(1 - O Pavlof River 977 36-5N 21-47 31-47 37-6'9 4--29 42-96 0-113 2311-338 I1-83 0-233 to Big Bear Creek 958 17-36 9-27 47-67 53-79 15-47 53-85 40-202 228-552 0 0-50 N Margarita Bay 958 23-83 9-48 10-30 41-63 4-24 76-96 42-260 243-947 (1-233 283-2117 c n Rainbow Falls 942 34-61 15-25 16-29 44-66 0-28 67-100 0-70 110-1060 0-170 0-560 - S Finger Creek 941 18-41 11-33 44-51 58-75 5-60 40-95 20-315 207-385 0 0 i1 T Winter Harbor 932 24-78 19-39 56-7(1 73-95 2-73 67-98 1(1-262 240-813 0-17 283-550 O Salt Lake Hay 928 48-55 28-35 29-31 63-87 17-77 27-83 25-115 43-437 11-87 ((-167 N Canoe Passage 927 16-75 9-57 19-46 44-66 2-13 74-92 17-16(1 153-1945 (1-17 11-917 _ T Elf Point 927 17-73 12-36 13-57 42-116 2-4 72-96 15-30 2(X1-848 11-77 1181-417 O Sarkar 925 27-59 14-28 19-37 57-76 0-11 89-100 11-30 225-583 0-35 0-933 Hanus Bay 922 49-96 24-85 3-25 56-83 6-62 38-94 25-105 55-433 0-702 0-393 = 7 Kutlaku Lake 970 31-63 17-31 18-37 58-139 5-49 35-95 15-40 65-205 0-133 42-327 O- Portage Bay 918 26-65 7-28 14-25 47-56 5-33 67-95 22-218 30 -572 11-183 133-350 = • Florence Bay 914 50-57 33-38 26-38 56-83 18-75 25-82 25-155 70-205 0-65 0 Glass Peninsula 911 23-69 15-41 17-17 60-84 11-34 28-83 35-52 62-290 11-77 11-153 Weasel Cove 90111 17-51 9-23 345 53-75 0-24 67-100 0-217 287-645 0 17-517 'Cutting intensity data are only for the partially cut plots. "Current stand data include both uncut and cut plots:stand data Ii r trees and basal area include till trees that are at least 2.5 cm dhh. `C-2 trees were at least 1.3 m tall at dote of curing. r. n a C-I trees include new regeneration and trees shorter than 1.3 m tall at date of cutting. 0 co m CD Z 0 n J m N Cr AGENDA ITEM #2.b. Rl„Drat.J.C.Tirppeineri finest Ecology e not btmutgement 5456(21(03)t-74 7 C 100 700 ( ) •'° 80 -t 080 c 41 ( > ..�. W 60 • R'= .001 cia gp a m d ...... . �o.no1•�y � r 4o . .. . w. m 40 ` ? 20 3 20 0 0 2 •• 40 y 1.° p 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 SL'All 02 pees Eg CI-Hemlock al ctSprurs ` N -9 0 100 ° 60 05 0 C 0:1 50 (b) • ° N 60 \ - b « to 40 . R'=0.634 o R 30 p�O.tWt ` N 0.0 N II- \ a m 2 7\ \ 00 20 40 60 80 100 0 Uncut 1.25% 26-50% 51-99% Proportion of basal area cut Proportion of basal area cut An„3. The proportion of tree density(a)and basil area(Wei C-1 hg.2.iLc proportion oI tree d nsop(n)nod banal inca 1%)in the cohorts in the current stand.as a functif,n of cutting intensity for current stand,by cult kg intensity class.The tree cohorts at ns-n the 55 partially cut plots. I he reported R and p-va3 are the arc-- all the C-2 cohorts firm that were at least 1,3 m tall at sin square-root transformations of proportional daat r tree density cult of date). and the spruce and hemlock C-1 cohorts (new and Nasal rata. regeneration and trees that were shorter than 1.3 m in height at cutting,date). I I%of the uncut plots had C-I spruce trees,and all of these plots had less than 100 C-I spruce trees per (Table 2). Many cut plots had more than 500 C-I hectare('table 2).Models for predicting the proportion hemlock trees per hectare and two stands(Granite and ofC-1 hemlock tree density and basal area were based Margarita Bay)had more than 1000 C-I hemlock trees on the proportion of basal-area cut, and our models per hectare(Table I).The C-I spruce trees were found explained 65-70% of the variability (Table 3). The on 44% of the cut plots. and 10% of these plots had model for predicting the proportion of C-I spruce trey more than 100 C-I spruce trees per hectare. More density was based on total stand residual basal area important. C-I spruce trees were four times more and accounted for 56% of the variability. The model frequent in the cut plots than in the uncut plots.Only for predicting the proportion of spruce basal area Table 2 The density and composition of secs of at least 2.5 cm ithi,in current stands,expressed as a proportion of treatment plots Density C-2 trees' C-I trees' (trees ha ti Uncut Cut Uncut Cut Spruce Hemlock Spruce I lcmlock Spruce Iteml ck Spruce Hemlock U 0 0 I9 0 59 61 56 22 I-100 72 6 64 13 II 6 34 __ 101-200 22 II 13 II 0 17 .5 5 2W n �6 53 9 69 0 17 5 51 ..................... e C.2 trees were at least 1.9 m tall at date of cutting. C.I trees include new regeneration and trees shorter than 13 to tall at date of cutting. Page 18 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ,.. AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 8 R.L. Deal,.LC. iuppeiner/F rear Ecology and tlanagemenr 5486(200!) 1-14 Table 3 The current stand species composition, tree cohorts.and at and growth regressions fitted to the data m predict the proportion of western hemlock and Sitka spruce tree density and basal area for both C-I and C-2 cohorts,for C-1 cohorts-and C-I net basal-area growth in the 55 partially cut plots' Dependent variable XI U, AS R' p C-I and C-2 cohorts western hemlock Tree density' 55 69.885 0.763 IIMRESBA 0301 <0.(1(11 Basal area` 55 9Q643 1196 HNIRESBA -1.549 TRESBA 0.845 <0.001 Sitka spruce Tree densilys 55 23.566 -0.698 IIaIRESBA 0.758 <00(1 Basal tea' 55 9.989 1207 SPRE,SBA -0.563 'TRESBA 0.845 <0.001 C-!cohorts Western hemlock Tree density' 55 0.220 0.010 PROPCUT 0.695 <0.001 Basal area` 55 -0.012 0.004 PROPCUT 0650 <0.001 Sitka spruce Tree density' 55 0.210 -0.006 TRESBA 0.555 0.001 Basal area` 55 0.061 0.001 PROPCUT -0.003 TRESBA 0.478 0.089 C-1 basal-area growth Net BACK' 55 0.188 11-004 PROPCUT -0.005 TRESBA 0.644 11.001 is the number of observations,B„the intercept.and 8,and 8e the slope cnefflcicnt s of the regression line,R-the adjusted coefficient of determination,and p the probability value using the F-stausric.IIMRESBA is the hemlock residual basal area Icft after cutting-SPRESBA the spruce residual basal area left after cutting.TRESBA the rand it sidual basal area liar all Pees left after cutting.and PROPCUT the proportion of stand basal-area cut. The proportion of trees in the stand. "Hie proportion of basal area in the stand. a The arc-sin square-root transformation of the proportion of trees in the stand. e The arc-sin square-root transformation of the proportion of basal area in the stand. 'The art-sin square-root transformation of the proportion of net basal-area growth. included both the proportion of basal-area cut and total spruce basal area was somewhat less in the cut plots stand residual basal area this model explained only (25.3%. S.E.=3.0) compared with 35,4% (S.E. = 48% of the variability (Table 3). 5.9)in the uncut plots(p=0.126),and the proportion of hemlock basal area was 69.3% (S.E.=3.2) in the 3.3. Current tree species composition cut plots and 57.8% (S.E. =6.0) in the uncut plots (p=0.064).Approximately 6-7%of the basal area in Partial cutting appeared to have little effect on tree uncut and cut plots was in western red cedar and species composition. The proportion of Sitka spruce yellow cedar trees. trees(C-I and C-2 trees combined)was similar in the The proportions of trees and basal area(C-I and C-2 cut (average= 17.5%, S.E.=2.4) and uncut plots trees combined)in Sitka spruce and western hemlock (average= 152%. S.E.=4.4, and the proportion were not closely related to cutting intensity. The of western hemlock trees was 78.8% (SE.=2.7) proportion of hemlock trees decreased slightly and in the cut and 79.4% (S.E. =4.9) in the uncut plots. the proportion of spruce trees increased slightly with We found no significant difference between cut and increasing cutting intensity (Fig. 4a). but cutting uncut plots in either the proportion of hemlock trees intensity explained only 3-5%of the variation in tree (p=0.842) or spruce trees (p=0.460).The species species proportion. The proportion of current stand proportions of basal area in the uncut and partially cut basal arca for both hemlock and spruce increased plots were also similar. The average proportion of slightly with increasing cutting intensity (Fig. 46). Page 19 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ,.. AGENDA ITEM #2.b. R.L.Deal,4.C.Tiptpeiner/Forest Ecology and Moragrvvent 5486(30011 1-14 9 100 (a) `P q m n to �� of C-2 spruce basal area and C-2 total stand basal area Z 3 car, 'aim o ., m 80 y...-__; °88e,„R''b.o.,o' (R22=0.845,P <0.001:Table 3)- 0 "Legs p=0.722 H 0 60 & o• _ d ° 0 • 3.4. Stand growth and growth of different tree = E' n •o 1•• o cohons • "----1---cR R2 0ost D 0 �- a•- .• •., The net basal-area growth (all stand growth less O 20 40 60 80 100 Spruce ❑nrmlo� mortality based on diameter of trees at 1.3 m) was o b greater in the partially cut plots than in the uncut plots, o 0 • too o6,°„ n n Rr=0.014 and basal-area growth generally increased with W 80 a c . n oo n �•fsgs R=0282 increasing cutting intensity. The differences in net z a o 60 o `r„' u ” basal-area gmwtl'I arson_ stands, however, were sig- •`fn _ c m 40 o o• r� •••c •• o nificant (p < 0.01). Therefore, we blocked by stand 8 co n• •• T •._.��.._ 0- ;�-+-;`— spraa�. R'-0.014 and found statistical) significant increases in net M 2D . • p=0.691 statistically:' .= � :� basal-area growth between uncut and cut plots O 20 40 80 80 100 (p< 0.001) and significant increases in growth with Proportion of basal area cut increasing cutting intensity (R2=0-769.p < 0.001). The proportion of stand basal-area growth was Fig. 4. The proportion of western hemlock and Silks •pare° touch greater for L:-2 trees than for C-I trees. The densities(a}and basal areas(to)in the current stand as a function of cutting intensity.The reported Rc and p-values are the rely tat of C-2 trees ❑ccounted for store than 99%of the b:xvul- the proportion of basal-area cut In Irne density and basal area,using area growth for plots with less than 26%of the basal- data from the 55 partially cut treatment plots. 'Tree density and area cut, and more than 95% of the growth for plots basal area include combined data from all C-I and C-2 trees 2.5 ear with 26-50% of the basal-area cut (Fig. 5). In plots dhn and greater. where more than 5O 0lo of the stand basal areas were cut. C-I basal-area growth was greater, but C-2 trees but cutting intensity only explained about I% of the variability in basal area. We found no significant use Memwck !sr.-a ®other relation between cutting intensity and the proportion of either spruce or hemlock trees (p=0.417 and tQQ C-2 C-2 0_2 0.722, respectively) or the proportion of spruce and • [p/� - hemlock basal area (p 0.691 and 0.282. respec- a 5 60 - F°� -2 tively). m a . 5= The wide variation in current species composition o ... 60 0 - in stands was largely explained by the amount of C-2 c v hemlock and spruce basal area left after cutting. The .a `n 4p proportion of the combined C-I and C-2 hemlock trees `o To a C-1 was highly positively correlated with the amount of C- o m 20 - 2 hemlock basal area left after cutting (R2 =0.701, n n C-1 C-1 o p <0.001), and the proportion of the combined C-I 0 Uncut 1-25% 26-50% 51-99% ;red C-2 hemlock basal area was explained by the Proportion of basal area cut amount of C-2 hemlock basal area and total stand C-2 basal area (R2=0.845. p <0.001: Table 3). The Fie. 5. The proportion of stand basal-area growth by cutting proportion of the combined C-1 and C-2 spruce trees i•ensim class for Sinks space.Western hemlock and°,w,-species. was highly negatively. C-2 The other minor s ecies("dude w"lem red cedar IT flirty"'Dim" anuel correlated with hemlock C-.r I ca D_Don),yellow cedar(C. nextrkuunsia(D-Don)Spachl and basal area left after cutting(RC —0.758,p<4.0(71}, ,alder (Molly arbor Song.I. and mountain Ix.mtowk (Tmryu and the proportion of the combined C-I and C-2 terrensiamr(Bong.)Carr.(.The distribution of C-I and C-2 trees spruce basal area was largely explained by the amount is shown by rating inten,aity class and tree species composition. Page 20 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and .-- AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 10 R.L. Deal J.C.T ppeiner/Forest Ecology and Management 5-186(2001)1-14 60 a0 sw.c• (a) t T ao CX.mb.�� Tns y� o e 50 .s 'r 9T T co u 40 . fl'-0.62] T j j c 30 p-0.001 c to ii j •�' ° 20 ° 0 1-20 21-40 4160 6160 61-100* U c . v 10 - .1 m 4p ou„.utpw�. a 0 • �♦ �I w 30 -6j cut plot. T (b) .AL C 0 20 40 ' 60 80 100 n 4- 714 s TI v 20 \ s s Proportion of basal area cut ' T s a Fig. 6. The proportion of stand basal-area growth for C-I trees. O ss since date of cutting-as a function sit cutting intensity for the 55 partially cut plots. The reported R2 and [-value is the arc-sin 0 1-20 21-40 41-60 61-80 61-100. square-root transformation of propirtt tonal data for C-I basal amts G1 trees ------C-2 treea--------- growtl. Tree diameter at cutting date(cm) Fig.7. The aserage diameter growth for 60 years since cutting for Sitka spruce and see stem hemlock in the cut plots(at.and in the still contributed over 84% of the stand basal-area uncut and partially cut plots(h).The diameters at cutting date are growth(Fig.5).In this study,only one plot had greater the midpoints of trees by 20 cm diameter classes for C-I and C-2 than 50% of the stand basal-area growth from C-I trees. vertical lines represent standard Ctrors, `S` is a significant trees, and stand basal-area growth was dominated by difference.and "NS"is a non-significant difference(a=0.05) in Cr) trees(Fig. 6). We found a statistically significant diameter growth for each diameter class. difference (p < 0.001) in the proportion of stand basal-area growth between the C-I and C-2 trees. We also found a statistically significant increase in not statistically significant (p > 0.05) for any dia- the proportion of C-I net basal-area growth with meter class (Fig. 7a). The C-I 60-year diameter- increasing cutting intensity (R'-=0.627 for trans- growth average was less than C-2 growth for both formed basal area,p=0.001).The model for predict- hemlock and spruce. The average C-I growth of ing the proportion of C-I net basal-area growth spruce was 14.9 cm (SE. =3.2) and 8.4 cm included both the proportion of basal-area cut and (S.E.= 1.5) for C-I hemlock (Fig. 7a). The C-2 total stand residual basal area, but this model diameter growth rates were generally consistent for explained only about I% more of the variability both hemlock and spruce in all diameter classes, (R2=0.644; Table 3) than just the proportion of averaging about 20-30 cm for 60 years. basal-area cut. The proportion of stand basal-area The diameter growth was also consistently higher in growth was also consistent for hemlock and spruce. the cut plots than in the uncut plots for all diameter In all cutting treatments, about 60-70% of the stand classes. The average diameter growth for 60 years basal-area growth was on C-2 hemlock trees and about since cutting for C-I trees was significantly less 15-30% on C-2 spruce trees (Fig. 5). (p=0.022) in the uncut plots (average=4.8 cnt, S.E.=0.7), compared with an average of 12.9 cm 3.5. Diameter growth by species, tree cohorts, and (S.E.=0.7) in the cut plots (Fig. 7h). The average diameter class diameter growth for C-2 trees 1-20 cm in diameter at date of cutting was 11.5 cm (S.E.= 1.1) in the uncut Sitka spruce diameter growth was slightly greater plots and 23.4 em (S.E.=3.2) in the cut plots than western hemlock growth for all tree-diameter (p=0.005). The average diameter growth for C-2 classes, but growth differences between species were trees in the 21-40 and 4-60 cm diameter classes was Page 21 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and .,. AGENDA ITEM #2.b. H.E.neat,1.C.limpinner/Forest Ecology and Management 5436(2001) 1-14 I I also significantly higher in the cut plots than in the ever, the number of trees in these size classes was uncut plots(p=0.014 and 0.039, respectively).The similar to the stands before cutting,with an average of growth of C-2 trees in the 61-80 and 81-100 cm 16,29-and S I trees by-1 in the large-,medium-large-, diameter classes,however,did not differ significantly and medium-diameter-classes, respectively (Fig. 8). between the cut and uncut plots(p=0.1 19 and 0.494, The current stands load slightly more trees of medium respectively). diameter(+17 trees ha-1)and slightly fewer trees of Analysis of diameter growth for the uncut and cut medium-large (....3 trees ha-1) and large diameter plots showed that the best growth was from C-2 trees (-3 trees ha"I) than the stands before cutting, but in the cut plots with diameters of 20-80 cm at date of no significant differences were found in the frequency cutting(Fig. 7b).The C-2 trees in the cut plots had a of trees for any diameter class(p=0.201,0.401,and 60-year diameter-growth average of between 23 and 0.422, respectively). 27 cm. The C-I trees grew the least, with a 60-year Stands with at least 85% hemlock had higher diameter-growth average of only 12.9 cm in the cut numbers of trees per hectare than other stands. For plots (Fig. 7b). instance, the highest density plots at Granite. Canoe Passage and Rainbow Falls were at least 92% hear 3.6. Current mat former stun)structure lock_ Also, the highest C-1 densities (1251)- 2117 trees ha-1) at Granite and Margarita Bay were Most trees cut were large-diameter spruce trees and in plots with at least 95%hemlock(Table I).Total tree more C-2 hemlock than C-2 spruce trees were left in density and density of hemlocks were substantially almost all plots (Tables I and 2) but usually some less in stands where spruce comprised at least 12%of large-diameter trees(hemlock, spruce or cedar) were the trees.Stands with the highest proportion of spruce left after cutting. The number of trees in large were those with the lowest density (121)- (>100 cm). medium-large (71-100 cm), and medium 372 trees ha-I at Florence Bay, Kutlaku Lake and (41-7(1 cm) diameter classes left after cutting aver- Salt Lake Bay: Table I). Most of the unexplained aged 7, 14. and 43 trees ha-I. respectively (Fig. 8). variation in species composition was probably related Before cutting,an average of 18,32,and 64 trees ha I to differences in regeneration among stands. For were in these diameter classes,and we found signifi- example, at Margarita Bay and Iianus Bay, 100 of cant differences (p < 0.005) between stands before C-I hemlock and spruce trees per hectare were estab- and after cutting in the number of medium, medium lished after partial cutting (Table I). Other stands, large,and large-diameter trees. After 60 years,how- such as Big Bear Creek and Finger Creek had numer- ous C-2 trees that grew rapidly after partial cutting and prevented C-1 spruce and hemlock from becoming ISO -- established in the stand(Table I). 10tts414OCmObh. 100 anal 0_ 4. Discussion bO 40I Trees]FIOO em 4bb. oa` The results of this study strongly indicate that o � � - silvicultural systems using partial cutting can be sue- ,- 30 Trees 3100 Cm a ban cessfully applied to maintain spruce in mixed western 30 s.,, hemlock-Sitka spruce forests in southeast Alaska.Our o results show that the, establishment of new re enera- no ^°,„"v tion (C-1 trees)and the growth of larger pre-existing =pro Stand condition trees (C-2 trees) of both hemlock and spruce can maintain species composition and stand structures Fig.N.The numbers at trees per acetate by size classes in the m(an t plots hennce and immediate) after cutting. i In the similar to that of study plots before Culling. par ycu P y: g.am current stand 60 years aFler grainy. Vertical lines reprcsem New regeneration was generally plentiful on eta standard error:. plots:however,most C-I trees were hemlock(Tables 1 Page 22 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. I2 N.L.Dead.l0.7hpprinrr/Point Urology nod,Slwu Xemenr 5486(2000 I—N and 2). Heavy cutting intensity favored establishment conventional knowledge about partial cutting in south- of both species and C-I trees were always established east Alaska.that residual trees left after partial cutting in plots with at least 50%or more of the basal-area cut are of poor quality and low vigor (Harris and Farr, (Fig.3a).However.some of the lightly cut plots had no 1974), These researchers also speculated that these C-I trees and instead of the establishment of a new trees would lead to significant reduction in future cohort it appears that C-2 trees expanded their crowns yields. However, release of residual western hemlock and filled in the available growing space. C-I spruce trees after overstory removal has been well documen- trees were found on 44%of the cut plots and on only ted in other regions (Meyer, 1937: Williamson and 11% of the uncut plots (Table 2). The variation in Ruth. 1976; Oliver, 1976; Tricker and Emminghant, establishment of C-I spruce trees May be explained by 1977; Wiley, 1978; Hoyer. 1980; Jacck et al., 1984). differences among stands in seed availability, or dif- Some researchers report poor height growth of resi- ferences in regeneration related to the presence of dual hemlock trees(Williamson and Ruth, 1976:Jacck advanced regeneration,soil disturbance from logging, et al., 1984), and the advance regeneration tended to and competition front shrubs and C-2 trees, It appears be crooked and of poor quality (Jacck et al.. 1984). that many of the C-I trees came from seedling banks Prior to this study. little research has been conducted (Grime, 1979).Yount(1997),who studied spruce and on the ability of advance regeneration Sitka spruce to hemlock seedling population on these same sites- respond to release. In another reconstruction study, found that the numbers and composition of seedlings Deal et al.(1991)repotted the establishment and rapid on cut plots was generally the same as on the uncut growth of some spruce trees after partial stand blow- plots. Spruce density ranged from 3000 to down. These spruce grew rapidly in height and 1 14,000 he I and hemlock density ranged from reached the mid to upper canopy of the stand but 47,000 to 723,000 seedlings ha-1. Both species were few spruce survived in the lower canopy layers.In this conuuon on logs. Spruce seedlings were found at all study. we found that C-2 trees responded with rapid sites except one where there was a dense hemlock and sustained growth after overstory removal,and that overstory. It is also important to note that spruce the diameter growth of spruce trees was slightly but regeneration is not always established after clearcut- consistently greater than for hemlock trees (Fig. 7). ting. and the relative proportion of C-I spruce and It appears that with careful tree selection and reg- Iemlock found in this study was within the range of ulation of stand density it will he possible to maintain reported data front Tongass NF regeneration surveys diverse tree size structures with silvicultural systems following clearcutting(USFS regeneration and sand- that use partial cutting. The basal area and species sal data on file at Forestry Sciences Lab).These results composition left after cutting explained about 70-85% indicate that partial cutting can generally enable of the variation in density and basal area of hemlock regeneration of spruce and hemlock_and that in con- and spruce(Table 3). Immediately after cutting there trast to other opinions (Andersen, 1955; Harris and were few trees on our plots greater than 70 cm dbh, Farr, 1974)spruce will regenerate after partial cutting. and these cut stands had very different tree size C-2 trees of both species in all size classes structures than the old-growth stands prior to cutting responded to partial cutting by increasing diameter (Fig. 8). Sixty years after cutting, however, these growth. Sitka spruce consistently grew more rapidly stands had similar numbers of large-sized (>100 cm than western hemlock, but growth differences were dbh)trees compared with the old-growth stands, and not statistically significant(Fig.7a), Diameter growth these similar structures were largely a result of the was significantly greater in cut plots compared to growth of the medium-diameter (70-100 cot dhh) uncut plots (Fig. 7b). The current stand basal area. trees into the larger diameter classes. This result is tree species composition. and stand growth for all particularly important to replace large-diameter trees cutting intensities was strongly related to trees left that are cut. When the goal is to maintain stand after harvest.The C-2 trees(either large residuals or structures similar to those in old-growth stands,it will small advance regeneration)grew rapidly after partial be important to select individual or groups of trees of cutting and were a significant and dominant compo- both species in large or medium-large size classes to nevi of the current stand.These results run contrary to leave. Tree and stand growth may also increase, if Page 23 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. R.L.Deal,J.C."lrtppether/Forest Ecology and Alanagernenr 5486(2001)1-14 13 vigorous spruce and hemlock trees are left after cut- Alahack,P.B., 198Th. Forest community structural change during ling. In addition, maintaining some large spruce as secondary succession in southeast Alaska. In: Means, J.E. (Ed-).Proceedings of the Symposium on Forest Succession and seed trees, thinning overstocked patches of hemlock, Stand Development Research in the Northwest. Forestry and planting spruce in some cases would increase or Research Laboratory,Oregon State University,Corvallis.OR, maintain spruce densities. Thus, by thoughtfully pp.70-79. implementing normal silvicultural practices. new sit- Alahack.P.R-,1984.A Comparison of old-growth liwest structure in vicultural systems could be developed to further the western hemlock Sitka spruce forests of southeast Alaska. In:Meehan,W.R..Marell.T.R.1.,I lanley.T.A.(lids.).Fish and enhance desirable tree species composition. provide '5ildlife Relationships in Old-growth Forests. American productive stands for timber,and also maintain diverse Institute of Fishery Research Biologists.Morehead City, NC, stand structures similar to old-growth forests, pp-219-226. It is important to remember that the stands we Alahack,PB..today-G.F., 1989.Structure and composition of low studied were cut to provide specific wood products eta mien old-growth forests in research al areas of southeast Alaska.Nat-Areas J.9,27-39. such as spruce sawtlmber and hemlock pilings. Cut- Alahack,PR.,Tappciner,J.C., 1991.Response of western hemlock ling occurred without a planned silvicultural system Maga lteten,p!yna and carte huckleberry Ruri,dam orairfu- with little effort taken to ensure spruce regeneration, /iron seedlings to forest windthrow.Can.1.For,Res.21,534- stand growth.or maintenance of complex stand strut- 539. tures found in old-growth forests, Nevertheless Sitka Andersen, II.E.. 1955. Clearcwlimg as a silvicultural system In converting old forests to new in southeast Alaska.Soc. Any spruce was maintained in these stands and greatly For.Ptnc.59-61. reduced stand growth did not occur. We also found Bailey.1.D.,Tappciner.J.C. 1998.Effects of thinning on structural similar tree size structures in these current stands that development in 40- to 100-year-old Douglas-fir stands in developed following partial cutting compared with the western Oregon.For.Bcol.Mgmt. 108.99-113. original old-growth forest. Therefore, well-planned Deal.R.L.. 1999.The effects of partial cutting on stand structure` and growth,and forest plant communities of western hemlock- silvicultural systems based on partial cutting could Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska. Ph.D.Thesis.Oregon provide rapidly growing trees for timber production State University.Corvallis.OR, 191 pp. and maintain complex stand structures with mixtures Deal, R.L.,Oliver.C.D., Bormmnn, BS, 1991. Reconstruction of of spruce and hemlock trees similar to old-growth mixed hemlock-spruce stands in coastal southeast Alaska.Can. forests. 1.For.Res.21.643-654. Parr,R'A., Harris.A.S., 1971.Partial cutting of western hemlock and Sitka spruce in southeast Alaska.Research Paper PNW-RP- Acknowledgemenls 124, USDA Forestry Service. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station,Portland.OR. 10 pp. Gottfried,0.1., 1992.Growth and development in an old-growth This project is a contribution from the USDA Forest Arizona mixed conifer stand following initial harvesting. For Service study, alternatives to clearcutting in the old- Ecol.Mgmt.54. 1-26. growth forests of southeast Alaska,a joint effort of the Grime.JP.,1979.Plant Strategics and Vegetation Processes.Wiley, Pacific Northwest Research Station, the Alaska New York,222 pp. Harris. A.S., 1989. Wind in the forests of southeast Alaska and Region, and the Tongass National Forest. We thank guides for reducing damage.General Technical Repon PNVV- our field crew and research associates. David Bassett, GTR 244.USDA Forestry Service,Pacific Northwest Research Ellen Anderson, Louise Yount and Pat Palkovic, We Station, Portland,OR,63 pp. are grateful for the review of earlier versions of this Hants.A.S..Farr.W.A.,1974.The fm est ecosystem of southeast paper from Mike McClellan, Steve Tesch. Pat Muir, Alaska, 7. forest ecology and timber management. General Technical Report PNW-GTR-25. USDA Forestry. Service, Bruce McCune, Charley Peterson, and Dean DeBell Pacific Northwest Forest and Runge Experiment Station, and the technical editing. of Martha Brookes. Portland.OR, 109 pp. l lennon.P.E.,Hansen.F M_Shaw 111.,CC.. 1990.Causes of basal sears on Chanme■par4.s nootimensis in southeast Alaska. References Northw.Sci.64.45-54. Henry. 1.D., Swan. J.M.A., 1974. Reconstructing forest history Alahack, P.R.. 1982a. Dynamics of understory biomass in Sitka from live and dead plant material-an approach to the study of spruce-western hemlock forests of southeast Alaska. Ecology forest succession in southwest Nesv Hampshire. Ecology 55. 63, 1932-1938. 772-783. Page 24 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ,,, AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 11 N.L. Deal,J.C. Tnppeiner/Forrxr Ecology and Management 5486(2001) 1-14 Noyer,G.E., 1980. height growth of dominant western hemlock Ott.RA..1997,Natural disturbance at the site and landscape levels Ira:that had been released from understory suppression.DER in temperate rainforests of soutbest Alaska PhD. Thesis. Note 33.Department of Natural Restmrces,5 pp. Univerehy of Alaska Fairbanks,Fairbanks,AK, 169 pp_ Jacek, 1_1... Oliver. CD_ Dehell, D,S„ 1984. Young stand Record of Decision, 1997. Record of Decision for Tongass development in coastal western hemlock as influenced by National Forest Land and Resource Management Plan Revi- thrm harvesting regimes.For.Sei.30, 117_174, sion. Alaska, Alaska Region.RIO-Me-338a, USDA Forestry lcrtzman, KP, Sutherland, G.D., Inselherg. A.. Saunders, S.C., Service,Region 10.Juneau,AK,44 pp. 1996. Canopy gaps and the landscape mosaic in a coastal SAS,1989,SAS/S'I'Al'User's Guide.Version 6,Vol.2.4th Edition. temperate rain forest.Ecology 77, 1251-1270. SAS Institute Inc..Cary,NC,846 pp. Lorimer.C.G.. 1983.Eighty-year development of northern red oak Snedecor. QW., Cochran, W.G.. 1980. Statistical Methods, 7th after partial cutting in a mixed species Wtsconsia forest.For. Edition. Iowa State University Press,Antes.IA.507 pp. Sci.29,371-383. Stephens, ER, 1953. Research in the biological aspects of forest Lorimer,CC.,1985.Alethodologieal consideration in the analysis production,.1.For,51, 183-186. of forest disturbance history.Can.1. For. Res. 15,200-213. Stokes,NI.,Smiley.'I'„ 1968.An Introst act l on to Tree-ring Dating, Lorimer,C.C.,Frelieh.1..E.Nordheim.F,V.,1988.Estimating gap University of Chicago Press.Chicago.IL,73 pp. origin probabilities for canopy trees. Ecology 69,778-785. Swetnant,T.W.,Thompson,M.A.,Sutherland,E.K.. 1985.Spruce Lute. 1x.3., 1928. Trends and si lvi en I tural significance of upland Budworms I handbook. Using Dendrochronol ogy to Measure forest successions in southern New England, Environmental Radial Growth of Defoliated Trees_ Agricultural Handbook Studies Bulletin 22.Sale University Scheel of Forestry, Ness 639. USDA Forestry Service. Cooperative State Research Hamn,CT,68 pp. Service,Washington.DC.39 pp. Meyer.W.H_, 1937.yield of ev'enaged stands of Sitka spruce and Tappeince )C.- Alahack. P.S., 1989. Early establishment and western hemlock. USDA Technical Bulletin 544.US Depart- vegetative growth of understory species its the e-estcru nrenl of Agriculture.Washington,DC,36 pp. hemlock-Sitka spruce forests in southeast Alaska. Can. J. Minore, D., 1979. Comparative antecologicai characteristics of hot.67.318-326. northwestern tree species - n literature review. General Tucker,C.F.Emmingham,\V.11.. 1977.Morphological changes in Technical Report PNW-GTR-87. I.ISDA Forestry Service, leaves of residual western hemlock after clear and shelterwood Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. tuning. For.Sci,23. 195-203. Portland,OR.72 pp. \\'.ley. K,N., 1978.Site index tables for western hemlock in the Oliver.C.D., 1976.Growth response of suppressed bendocks alter Pacific Northwest.Weycrhauscr Forestry Paper 17.Weycrhuu- release. In: Atkinson. W.A., `/.asoski. R,1, (Eds.), Western ser'Timber Company Forest Research Center_Centralia WA, I hemlock Management.College of Forest Resources. Institute Williamson,R.L.,Ruth,R.H_1976.Results of shchenvoad cutting of Forest Products, University of Washington. Seattle, WA, in western hemlock. Research Paper PEW-RP-201. USDA pp.266-272. Forestry Service, Nei'IC Northwest Research and Range Oliver, C.D., 1981. Forest development in North America Experiment Station.Portland OR,25 pp. following major disturbances.For.EeoL Mgnu.3. 153-168. Yount.U.S., 1997,Sites spruce and western hemlock regeneration Oliver,CD., 1982_Stand development-its uses and methods of after selective harvesting. Tongass National Forest.sonthcast study-In,Menu,I.E.(Ed.),Proceedings of the Symposium on Alaska. Masters Thesis. Oregon State University. Corvallis, Forest Succession and Stand Development Research in the OR,77 pp. Northwest Forestry Research Laboratory,Oregon State UM- Tan 3.It,1946,Biostatistieal Analysis,3rd Edition,Prentice-11311. varsity.Corvallis,OR,pp. l00-117. Upper Saddle River.NJ.662 pp. Page 25 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and _, AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 113 Deal (jr/d) 8/30/02 8:41 AM Page 425 (H Developing silvicultural systems based on partial cutting in western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands of southeast Alaska ROBERT L. DEALT,JOHN C. TAPPEINER2 AND PAUL E. I-IENNON3 I USDA Forest Service,PNW Research Station,620 SW Main Sr,Portland,OR 97205,USA a College of Forestry,Oregon State University,Corvallis,OR 97331,USA USDA Forust Service,Stale and Private Forestry and PNW Research Station,2770 Sherwood Lane,Juneau,AK 99801,USA Stonnnrry The effects of partial cutting on species composition,stand structure and growth,tree size V distribution,and tree disease and mortality were evaluated on 73 plots in 18 stands that were harvested 12-96 years ago in southeast Alaska.Partially-cur stands had diverse and highly complex stand structures similar to uncut stands.Sitka spruce was maintained in mixed hemlock—spruce stands over a wide range of cutting intensities.Analysis of the data did not detect significant changes in tree species composition,stand growth,hemlock dwarf mistletoe infection and incidence of tree wounding or mortality rates with partial cuts.Silvicultural systems using partial cutting could provide a sustainable timber resource including more valuable spruce trees,while also maintaining stand structural diversity and old-growth characteristics. Introduction limiting factor for regeneration,wildfires are rare and wind-caused disturbances are common Southeast Alaska is a temperate rainforest with (Harris, 1989;Nowacki and Kramer, 1998).The simple tree composition but complex forest age natural disturbance regime in southeast Alaska is and size structure.The predominant tree species, characterized by high-frequency, low-magnitude Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis(long.) Carr.) and disturbance events resulting in complex multi- western hemlock (Tsuga beteropbylla (Raf.) aged or uneven-aged stands (Brady and Hanley, Sarg.),together comprise over 90 per cent of the 1984; Deal et at, 1991;Nowacki and Kramer, region's total growing stock volume (Hutchison, 1998). 1967). Abundant precipitation occurs through- Recent interest in old-growth forests (Franklin out the year along with occasional hurricane- et al., 1981;Lertzman and Krebs, 1991;Acker et force winds. The significance of this climate for at, 1998) and biodiversity (Wilson, 1988; the forest is that moisture is generally not a Hansen et al., 1991; Grime, 1997; Angelstam, ®I,uueurt or CF,rued Ia,e,,v'n,aa'aa hs,,0.v,,i.]c.Nn.a.aU[I+_ 1 Page 26 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 13 peal (jr/dl 8/30/02 8:67 AM Page 426 H31— 1 426 FORESTRY 1998) has led to increasing emphasis on forest (2)only one partial cutting;(3)a wide range of management practices that accelerate the cutting intensities at each site,including an uncut development of late-successional and old-growth area; (4) uniform topography, soils and forest forest characteristics. Silvicoltural systems that rope. All research sites were within 2 km of the provide for sustainable wood production and the nearest shoreline and less than 100 m in eleva- protecrion of other forest values are currently tion.At each sire we located an uncut control and being evaluated in southeast Alaska(McClellan et generally three partially cut areas(light,medium, al.,2000;Deal,2001;Deal and Tappeiner,2002). heavy) and installed 0.2 ha plots in each cutting Clearcutting w'irh natural regeneration has been intensity area with a total of 73 overstorey plots the predominant timber management practice in (each of 0.2 ha)installed in 18 stands(Table 1). the western hemlock—Sitka spruce forest type of southeast Alaska.Thus,little is known about the use of silvicultural systems that use partial cutting Stand structure and grototb and their effects on stand dynamics, stand To characterize current stand structure, see regeneration and growth, tree disease and mor- recorded the tree diameter at 1.3 tit(diameter at tality. breast height; d.b.h.), height, crown class and Major silvicnitural concerns with partial species of all line trees greater than 2.5 cm d.b.h., cutting have previously been repotted(Harris and and species, d.b.h. and decay class for each Parr, 1974);however,most of these concerns are stmp.On each plot,we teconst meted basal area speculative or based on research done in other of cut trees from stump diameter and took Mere- regions. In this paper sae assess the effects of meat cores front 10-20 trees of each species and partial curling in 18 stands throughout southeast crown class ro determine age,basal area growth Alaska and evaluate the following concerns with and cutting date for each stand.We reconstructed partial cutting: stand structure, basal area, species composition 1 Partial cutting will incre ase the more shade- and cutting intensity for each plot (Table 1)using - tolerant western hemlock and reduce the less site specific regression equations (Deal and tolerant and more valuable Sitka spruce Tappeiner,2002).New trees were defined as new ....(EF 2 Trees left after partial cutting will he of low re generation and trees shorter than 1.3 m at nee vigour and value because of decay from logging of cutting, and residual trees were at least 1.3 m tall at date of cutting. We blocked by site, and damage and spread of hemlock dwarf mistle- - compared differences in tree species composition , toe(al co hngBoa tsugense). tree-age cohorts and stand growth between cut 3 Partial tuning will result in windthrow of and uncut plots using contrast analysis(Deal and residual trees. Tappeiner,2002).Tree radial growth increments were used to investigate the effects of partial cutting on the growth of hemlock and spruce Methods trees,and the size and growth u€new and resid- Stud v areas oat trees. Partial cutting of beach-fringe forests was a common practice in southeast Alaska from 1900 to 1950. Large Sirka spruce trees were often cur He thwart mistletoe,tree wounding and for sawtimber or pole-sized western hemlock tree mortality trees were harvested for piling,resulting in stands Each hemlock tree seas rated for degree of dwarf with variable density,size and species composi- mistletoe infection, using an index of 0-6 as tion. Eighteen sites were selected in 1995 and described be Hawkssvorth (1977). Role wounds 1996 to sample a range of time since cutting and determined to have occurred at cutting date or intensity of cutting throughout southeast Alaska afterwards were recorded IP. Pa1kovic, unpub- (Figure 1)using the following criteria: (1) range fished data).For each dead tree>25 cm d.b.h.,we of'time-since-cutting' from 10 to 100 years ago; recorded (f.h.b., species, decay class and status CP Page 27 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM#2.b. 13 Peal liw/d) 8/30/02 8:47 A24 Pete 427 SILVICULTURE IN WESTERN HEMLOCK-SITE A SPRUCE STANDS 427 fiy+s. .✓ i 1 .,.. ' ? - t F `- rl tt A N NE JPt f :ER'\ (.P+, r- r 1Hnt b �' '-- -. t *1,2• '2 r '• ttAsAlR 2 tiid S 21'4hte tRF tll 2- w • = h t c>< b (Cet<hikan A Study site s s%t if1 A.' -.Al '_,' j J e t t • fit" R S.!+If;i 2 f - i t 75 L j e b ti (4,1 5 4 Ai Osij .4 d) Figure 1. The IS studs sites in southeast Alaska.See Table I for definition of site codes. (uprooted,standing dead or broken bole),Stump Results and discussion and log decay classes and estimated time since Trees Jrecies conrpasititm death for hemlock and spruce are reported elsewhere(Hennon et rt{., 2002). Only trees that Partial cutting had little effect on tree species we determined to have died after partial cutting composition. We found no significant difference were used in reconstructing tree moo alit v.Ana ly- between cut and uncut plots in either the propor- sis of variance with site as a blocking independent Lion of western hemlock trees(P=0.84)or Sitka variable was used to test for differences in dwarf spruce trees(1' = 0.46).The proportion of Sitka mistletoe rating,and the incidence of tree wound- spruce trees averaged 17 per cent in the cut plots ing and mortality between uncut and cut plots. and IS per cent in the uncut plots.The propor- Regression analysis tested for correlation between [ion of spruce trees and basal area increased these variables and the intensity of cutting (i.e. slightly with increasing cutting intensity, but percentage basal area removes)). Tests were cutting intensity explained only 3-5 per cent of conducted for both understorey and oversmrey the variation in tree-species proportion.We found trees. no significant relation between cutting intensity Page 28 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... CA 0 n O " B M ❑ d O4. o o Mile I: Descriptions of research sites listed from the oldest NI most recently cut site "' ❑ Cutting intensity Current stand"composition and site inform (D N Basal area XI Basal All Suet (p Cutt'ng date Cut Cut Left area trees Picea Islip Other' Forest Elevation indexsit u NResearch site ('car) (%) (nma ha-1) (nr-'ha-') (ma ha-1) (trees ha-1) ('%) )%( 1%) type (rs) (m) m Dl a WC:Weasel Cove 900 17-51 9-23 22-45 53-75 450-1220 0-24 67-100 0-17 Picea 30 24 m 7- GP:Glass Peninsula 911 23-69 15-41 17-47 60-84 147-397 11-34 28-83 0-49 Picea 20 29 T1 PB:Florence Bay 914 50-57 33-38 26-38 56-83 120-360 18-75 25-82 0 Picea 10 32 0 PB:Portage Bay 918 26-65 7-28 14-25 47-56 459-1202 5-33 67-95 0 Ts,ga 35 27 m KL:Kutlaku Lake 920 31-63 17-31 18-37 58-13 305-525 5-49 35-95 0-16 Picea 5 32 1IR:lianus Bay 922 49-96 24-85 3-25 56-83 413-1180 6-62 38-94 0 Picea 25 30 8K:Sarka 925 27-59 14-28 19-37 57-76 467-1163 0-II 89-100 0 Tampa 60 30 p 4- N EP:Elf Point 927 17-73 12-36 13-57 42-II 453-1443 2-4 72-96 (1-24 'Pampa 30 14 ^' D Cl':Canoe Passage 927 16-75 9-57 19-46 44-66 815-2452 2-13 74-92 6-19 'Isugu 1(1(1 27 nu CD O_ - SB:Salt Lake Bay 928 48-55 28-35 29-31 63-87 158-642 17-73 27-83 0 Picea 10 30 v • WI':Winter['arbor 932 24-38 19-39 56-70 73-95 785-1311 2-33 67-98 0 Picea 5 29 'e PC:Finger Creek 941 18-41 11-33 44-51 58-75 331-522 5-60 40-95 0 Tampa 5 30 RP:Rainbow Falls 942 34-61 15-25 16-29 44-66 348-1108 0-28 63-100 0-10 Picea 20 27 MB:Margarita Ray 958 23-83 9-48 10-30 41-63 694-2695 4-24 76-96 0 Tsuga 20 30 BB:Big Bear Creek 958 17-36 9-27 47-63 53-79 270-754 15-47 53-85 0 Picea 20 23 PV:Pavlof River 977 36-58 21-43 31-47 37-69 288-823 4-29 42-96 0-46 Picea 20 30 GR:Granite 983 18-86 9-51 9-50 13-70 368-1440 0-7 93-100 0 T'suga 30 27 TB:Thomas Ray 984 20-29 18-19 42-77 49-70 237-766 1-17 83-99 0 'Ikuga IS 30 The earring intensity data is the range for the partially cut plots at each site.The current stand data include the range of both uncut and cut pities at each site.The hires[type is the major overstnrey tree species at each site " Stand data for trees and basal area includes all trees that are at lea sr 2.5 cm J.b.h. 1 The other minor species include western red cedar(Thuja p/icata Dunn es D.Don),yellow cedar(Chomaeeyparis nu nelateusic(D.Don)Spach),red alder(Moos bairn Rung.),and mountain hemlock(Ts,ga mertensiana(Bong.)Carr.). I Potential site index,base age 50,height in nmetres. IN IN 7 CD m CD Z N o v Is -4 _ m 1 N Cr AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 1 13 peal (Jr/di 8/30io2 8:47 An Page 429 SILVICULTURE IN WESTERN dIEIILUCK-SITK,A SPRUCE STANDS 429 and the proportion of either spruce or hemlock was similar to the stands before cutting,with an trees(P=0.42 and 0.72,respectively)or the pro- average of 16,29 and 81 trees hat in the A-,B- portion of spruce and hemlock basal area and C-classes,respectively(Figure 2).The current (t'=0-69 and 0.28,respectively). stands had slightly more trees in class C(s17 trees The results of this.study show that the estab- ha-I(and slightly fewer trees in B(-3 trees ha-1) lishnrent of new regeneration and the growth of and A (-3 trees ha"I) classes than the stands residual trees of both hemlock and spruce can before cutting,bur no significant differences were maintain species composition similar to that of found in the frequency of trees for any diameter study plots before cutting.Ness'regeneration was class (I)=0.20,0.40 and 0.42,respectively). generally plentiful on an pleats,and cutting more Sitka spruce diameter growth was slightly than 50 per cent of the stand basal area always greater than western hemlock growth for all tree- led to the establishment of new regeneration diameter classes,but growth differences between (Deal and Tappeiner,2002). New cohort spruce species were not statistically significant(P>0.05) trees were found on 44 per cent of the cut plots for any diameter class, Residual trees of both and on only 1.1 per cent of the uncttt plots.These species in all size classes increased diameter results indicate that partial cutting can generally growth after cutting. -She current stand basal enable tree regeneration and, contrary to some area,tree species composition and stand growth other opinions(e.g.Andersen, 1955),spruce will for all cutting intensities was strongly related to in fact regenerate after partial cutting.Our results trees left after harvest.These results are contrary indicate that silviculture( systems using partial to conventional thinking about partial cutting in cutting can successfully maintain spruce in mixed southeast Alaska, where residual trees arc western hemlock-Sitka spruce forests in south- assented to be of poor quality and low vigour.In east Alaska. this study, we found that these small advance regeneration and larger residual trees responded Stand structure and growth with rapid and sustained growth after overstorev removal and became a major part of the current GMost trees cut were large-diameter spruce trees, stand. and more residual hemlock than residual spruce trees were left in almost all plots.However,after Mitring,there were usually some large trees left in Henelock dwarf'mistletoe,tree wounding and the stand. The number of trees of all species left u'orraLry after cutting in diameter class A (>100 cm), B Dwarf mistletoe levels did not differ significantly (71-100 cm) and C (41-70 cm) averaged 7, 14 between cut and uncut plots for overstorey or and 43 trees ha-1,respectively(Figure 2).Before understorev hemlock trees (Table 2), but there cutting, an average of 18, 32 and 64 trees hat teas a tendency towards less dwarf mistletoe with were in these diameter classes, and we found higher cutting intensities.Dwarf mistletoe infec- significant differences(P e 0.01) between stands tiorr averaged a rating of 1.0(maximum of 6.0) before and after cutting in the tnnubet of A-, B- in partially cut.stands,a level where the disease and C-class trees. After 60 years, however, the would he expected to cause little or nn growth number of trees of all species in these size classes loss or tree mortality (Smith. 1969; Thompson ❑After cutting 11' 0 Current stand I OBefore cutting-f n • Diameter Lest height am' Figure 2. "Hie numbers of trees per hectare by size classes in the partially cut plots before and immediately after cutting,and in the current stand 60 years after cutting.Vertical lines represent standard errors. 1 —1143F— 1 Page 30 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. I13 Deal (jr/d) 8/30/02 8:47 an Page 430 m 430 FORESTRY Table 2: Levels of disease,wounding,mortality,and type of tree death in uncut and partially cut plots. Values are means with ranges in parentheses Dwarf mistletoe[ Bole Wounding Dead trees Uprooted trees (index 0 to 6) (5 trees wounded) (e) ('%of dead) overstorec trees) Cut plots 1.5(0-3.5) 17(0-30)' 27(5-55) 37(16-77) Uncut plots 1.7(0-4.2) 10(0-47)' 22(5-56) 25(0-50) Undersmrev treed Cut plots 0.8(0-1.8) 7(0-25) 5(0-25) NAI Uncut plots 1.2(0-4.1) 13(0-100) 14(0-100) AAl All trees Cut plots 1.0(0-2.2) 11 (4-30) 15(4-30) 35(16-77) Uncut plots 1.4(0-3.5) 11 (0-26) 17(6-40) 30(0-50) ' Denotes valises arc significantly different(/'c 0.05). t Only western hemlock w included in analysis for this factor. 1 Trees that were 25 an d.his,or larger at the date of cutting. 1 Trees that were smaller than 25 cm d.h.h.o not yet present in stand at the date of cutting. t Sample size was too small at most sites for analysis. et al., 1985). Thus, dwarf mistletoe was main- \vindthrow is on exposed south-facing ridges and rained but Bras not eliminated, as frequently hill slopes (Harris, 1989; No vaeki and Kramer, occurs following cicareotting. 1998). Thus, our results may underestimate the Overstorey trees had significantly greater inci- severity of wind-damage risk in some landscape dente of wounding(P= 0.04)in cut than uncut settings. Managers concerned about windthrosv plots (Table 2) and wounding increased with should consider wind exposure (Kramer et al., intensity of cutting (P = 0.03). Dlany wounds 2001)when designing partial cutting treatments. could not he attributed to logging, however, as falling trees and porcupine damage were other causal factors on some sites. For trees of all sizes, mortality was not signifl- Conclustnn cantle different(P=0.32)between cut and uncut The stands we studied were cut to provide specific plots.The fate of large residual trees is of particu- wood products. Cutting occurred without a lar interest because of concern about windthrow: planned silvicadtural system and little effort was the percentage of dead large residual trees in cut taken to ensure spruce regeneration, encourage plots(27 per cent) was not significantly different stand growth, control or reduce tree damage (P=0.11)than in uncut plots(22 percent)(Table agents,or maintain the complex stand structures 2).Of large residual trees that died,an average of found in old-growth forests. Nevertheless Sitka 37 per cent and 28 per cent, respectively, died spruce was maintained in these stands and we did through uprooting in partially cut and uncut plots not detect any significant changes in tree species (Table 2);the remainder died standing or by bole composition, stand growth and vigour, rates of breakage. Windthrow did not significantly hemlock dwarf mistletoe infection,and incidence increase after partial cutting;indeed,mortality of of tree wounding,decay and windthrosv mortal- residual trees was only marginally higher in par- ity with partial cuts. Stand structural diversity, tially cut than in uncut stands. For residual trees and plan diversity and abundance were much that died,the higher rate of uprooting associated greater in partially cur stands than in young- with cutting does suggest that wind has an growth stands developing after clearcutting increased role in tree death. The beach-fringe (Deal,2001). Our results indicate that new silvi- stands we studied have a low risk of wind cultural systems that use partial cooing could damage; in southeast Alaska the greatest risk of alleviate some of the problems associated with 1 4 1 Page 31 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 113 Deal (jr/d) 8/30/02 8:47 AM Page 431 /P SILVICULTURE IN WESTERN HEMLOCK-SITKA SPRUCE STANDS 431 conventional clean/taring in southeast Alaska, Harris,A.S.and Parr,W.A. 1974 The Forest Ecosystem while also providing a sustainable ti❑tber of Southeast Alaska. 7:Forest Ecology and Timber resource. Management.USDA Forest Service,Get n eral Techni- cal Report PNW-25, 109 pp. Hawksworth, PG. 1977 The 6-class Dwarf Mistletoe References Rericg System.USDA Forest Service,General Tech- nical Report RM.48,7 pp. Acker,S.A.,Sabin,TIT,Canto.L.M.and McKee,W.A. Heanon,RE,,McClellan,NTH.and Palkuviq P.2002 1998 I)evelrtptnem of old-growth structure and Comparing deterioration and ecosystem function of timber vol time growth trends in maturing Douglas-fir decay-resista ne and d ecay-z scePtl hl e species of dead stands.For Emil,Manage. 104,265-280. trees.In Ecology and Management of Dcad Wood in Andersen, FIT. 1955 Cl ea rc a wing as a si lvrcul rural western Forests Proceedings of a Symposium. system in converting old forests to new in southeast P Shca(ed.),Reno,Nevada,Ni v,2-4, 1999.USDA Alaska.Pros,Sot.Ant.For 1955,59-61. Forest Sen9ce,General Technical Report PSW-GTR- Angelseanr,P.K.1998 Maintaining and restoring Tit di- IS I On press). versin- in Eurepean hureal forests 1w developing Hutchison, O.K. 1967_ Alaska's Ernest Resource_ natural disturbance regimes.J.Veg.Sri.9.593-602. USDA Forest Service, Resource Bulletin PNW-I9, Brady,WW and Haniey,'LA,1984 The role of disturb- 74 pp, ance in old-growth forests: some theoretical ;mph- Kramer,Ni G.,Hansen,A.J.,Taper,M.L,and Kissinger, cations for southeastern Alaska. In Proceedings of E.J.200 I Abiotic controls on long-teen vvindthrow the Symposium: Fhb and Wildlife Relationships in disturbance and temperate rain forest dynamics in Old-Gru:otb Forests, 12-I5 April 1982, A.K. southeast Alaska.Ecology 82,2749-2768. Juneau, VtR_ \lechan, T.R. Merrell Jr and T.A. Lertzman,K.P.and Krebs,C.J. 1991 Gap-phase struc- Hanley(eds),American Institute of Fishery Research tore of a subalpine old-growth forest. Cart.J. Far_ Biologists,Morehead City,NC.pp.213-218. Res.21, 1730-1741. Deal.RI-2001 The effects of partial cutting on forest McClellan,,\I,H.,Ssanstrm,ITN.,Hennou,P.E.,Deal, plant communities of sreatern hemlock—Sirka spruce R I_,De Santo,T.L.and Wiphi,M.S.2000.Afteroa- stands in mtheast Alaska. Can. J. For. Res, 31, noes to OIearcu/ting in the Old'Greupth Forests of 2067-2079. Southeast Alaska: Study flan and Establishment - e- Deal. R.L., Oliver, C.D. and Bormann. B:r, 1991 Report- USDA Forest Service, General Technical Rees nstruction of mixed hemlock-spruce%funds in Report PNVfr-494,40 pp. coastal southeast Alaska. Car. J. For, Res. 21, Nowackl G.J.and Kramer, M.G. 199$Tire effects of 643-654. wind disturbance on temperate rain forest structure Ural, Rd. and Tat/miner,J.C. 2002 The effects of and dynamics of southeast Alaska, In Conservation partial cutting on stand structure and growth of and Resource Assessanees for tire Tnigass Land western hemlock-Sitka spruce stands in southeast Management Han Revision.CC.Shaw and K.J.R. Alaska.Fur.End,Manage 159(3), 173_186, Julio(eds).USDA Forest Service.General Technical Franklin,J.F.Cromack,K,J.,Denison,W..McKee,A., Report PNW-42 I,25 pp. Maser,C.,Sedell,J.,Swanson.F.and Juday,G. 1981 Smith,R.B. 1969 Assessing dwarf micdeane on western Ecological Characteristics of Old-growth Douglas- hemlock.For Sc,, 15(3),277-285. fir Forests. USDA Forest Service General l"athuical Thompson, AJ., Allan), R.I_, Bloomberg, WJ. and Report PNW-118,4S pp. Smith,R.B. 1985 Impact of dwarf mistletoe on the Grime,J.P. 1997 Bit diversity and ecosystem function, growth of western hemlock trees haring different the debate deepens.Science 277,1 260-1261. patterns of suppression and release.Can,J.For.Rev Hansen,A.J.,Spies,ZA.,Swansea,IS].and Ohmann, /5,665-668. J.L. 1991 Gnserving biodiversity in managed Wilson,B.O. 1998 The current stare of hit diversit v.In forests, Iesson% from natural forests, hioscience Bindiuersitl'. L.O. Wilson (cd)_ National Academy 41(61.382-392, Press,Washington,DC,pp.3-I8. Harris, A.S. 1989 Wind in the Forests of Southeast Alaska and Guides far Reducing Damage. USDA Purest Service,General Technical Report PNW-244, 63 pp. Received car as";: 1 —,--- 1 Page 32 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 113 Deal (jr/d) 8/30/02 8:47 AM Page 432 Page 33 of 71 .Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.13. 2067 The effects of partial cutting on forest plant communities of western hemlock - Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska Robert L. Deal A hsararI,The effects of partial cutting on plant species richness,community structure,and several undersmry species that are important for deer forage were esuluated on 73 plots in IS stands throughout southeast Alaska.'I I eve partially cut stands were harvested 12-96 years ago when 16-95°,6 of the former stand basal area was removed.The species richness and community stnutnre of undertory plants were similar in uncut and partially cot plots. Hoxeser_plots when more than 50%of the basal area was cot had a significantly different plum community structure.Species com- position and abundance also appeared to be distinctly different between hezntock-dominated and spruce-dominated stands_Partial cutting did not significantly change abundance for most of the important forage species for deer.The similarity in plant community struc rote between partially cut and uncut old-growth stands may he related to forest stand structures. The heterogaeous stand structures that develop aPer partial cutting are more similar to old-growth stands than to the uniform young-growth stands that desclup alter stand replacing disturbances such as clear-cutting. Resume: Les efibts dune coupe panielle sun la ri chesse en especcc vegetates,stir la structure do la conmmnaute et _ur plusieurs espeeee de sons-boil qui ccnstiment une source impotvuxe de foumTe pour le checreul out rte evslues dans 73 par eellcs teparties dans 18 peuplements mines dans Ie sod-est de]-Alaska.Ces peoptenents partietlement cou- pes ont ere rdcoilcs iii s-a 12-96 ans aloes gate 16-06%dc la surface terriere du pcuplement original a ere e,devee. La richesse en especes et la structure de In conanunaute des pl antes de sous-boil Slaient semblables dans les parcelles nun coupees et panic)lentent coupccs. Dependant.dans les parcelles Oil plus de 50%de la swine.:terriere avail ere cooper, ' la structure de la communath a vegetate Mau signifeatisenent differente. l.a composition et 1'abondance des espeees semblaient egalcment nettcntent di fferentes entre lee pcu pl ernents(hotlines par la pntche et lea peuplements dorm rtes par I'epinene.La coupe panielle n'a pas signi fc ati recent change fabondan ce de la plupan des especes qui constituent tine source intp0 taste de four age poor le chevreuil. 1_a similitude dans la structure de Is cot tilt unautc vegetale antra lee penpletnents ale rieille buret partieilement coupes et non coupes est pew-Sire tel a la structure des pmtpiements forestiets_Les pwpiements is structure hernrogene qui se dereloppent suite a une coupe panielle sont plus scntblalsles aus penplentents de rieitle fotet grim,.jwwnes peuplements unifonnes qui se dc-r-etoppent apses des perturbations. comae la coupe A Mane,qui°moraine Is regeneration du pet plement_ frrudun par Is Redaction] Introduction system structure and function are not significantly different Disturbance has been widely recognized as a major force than those of natural disturbances lAttnsill 1994). in the development structure, and function of forests The natural disturbance regime in southeast Alaska is characterized by high-frequency,low-magnitude disturbance (Bormann and Likens 1979; Oliver and Larson 1990; S q Atuwrill 1993},The importance of disturbance on plant sue- events(Brady and Hanley 198-1)and gap-phase replacement cession has also been well documented I Whi¢aker 1953; (Alaback and Judav 1989;Lenzmtn et al. 19961,resulting in Egler 19531 Connell and .Slntyer 1977; Pickett and White complex muh iaged or uneven-aged stands(Deal d al. 1991; 19851, and there has been recent interest in the role of ells- Nowacki and Kramer 1998). Proximity to the North Pacific turhance in alTecting forest communing structure and compo- Ocean insults in cool summers anti mild winters with abun- sitimt (White 1979: Christensen 1989; Halpern 1989: dtmt prempitaoon occurring throughout the year. Much of An_telstam 1998). There may he important differences in the.precipitation occurs in the autumn season along evith oc- scale and intensity bowmen natural and human disturbances, casmnal hurricane force winds. (The significance of this di- but in many cases,the effects of human disturbance on erns mate for the forest is that moisture is generally not a limiting factor for tree regeneration, wildfire is rare,and winddaow Received January 30,20111.Accepted July 31-2001. and wins]-caused damage of trees arc common. (Harris et al. Published on the NRC Research Press Welt site at 1971; Hams 1989: Deal et al. I99I: Nowacki and Kramer http://4j fr.nre.ca on November 8,2001. 1998)"There is increasing interest in devising new forest nsan- R.I. Deal.' USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Sanion_ agemenl strategies that accelerate the development of late- 2770 Shenwood Lane,Juneau, AK 99801. U.S.A. succession and old-growth stand characteristics and maintain Prescat address: Forestry Sciences Labocnom PO Ras 31490. biodiv'ersity in managed forests(Franklin et al_ 1981, 1997; Portland.OR 97208-38610, U.S_A_(e-mail. rdcal@f;s.fed,as)_ Harmon et al. 1986:Franklin 1989: Larsen 19952-Several Can.1,Fut.Res.at 2067-2079(30011 t191'. 10.t I39/gfr-3l-121.067 C 2001 NRC Canada r:wc]Iew 510:31 b]sT-tiw1(o1-tt3 t AM Page 34 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM#2.b. Guar)eructs crua,van x Perntec Peotlle yea [ 2068 Can.J. For.Res.Vol.31,2001 studies are underway in the Pacific Northwest region to and Fan 1094i with little success in herbaceous plant colo- evaluaio the effects of different silviculture! prescriptions nization(Tappoiner and Alaback 10891. This intense stage designed to accelerate the development of late successional of stem exclusion eliminates or significantly reduces the forest characteristics (Almost and Reese 1997; Coates and growth rale of understory vegetation for up to 100 years Burton 1997;Aubry et al. 1999;Curtis et al. 19992). Recent ('Alaback 19826, 1984; T'appeiner and Alaback 1984)_ The forest management plans in Alaska have prescribed forest effect of a much reduced herb and shrub community for a practices using a variety of silvicultural systems, including long period of the stand rotation (100+ years) means that even-aged,two-aged,and uneven-aged management(USDA plant diversity and abundance are greatly reduced for over Forest Service 1997). However, even-aged silviculture] sys- 70%of the stand rotation time period. tens using clear-cutting have been almost exclusively used This long-lasting stage of stern exclusion has significant in the western hemlock (nun('Irnerophynor(Rail Sarg)- implications for wildlife such as Sitka black-tailed deer, Sitka spruce (Picea sire/waves (Hong.) Cardere) forests of Which depend on these plants as forage(Wallmo and Schoen southeast Alaska since the establishment of large-scale tin- 1980:Schoen et al. 1988: Hanley 1993). For the first 15 to ber operations in the early 19505(Harris and Farr 1974).Lit- 25 years after clear-cutting, these young-growth stands pro- tle is known about forest management practices in this vide greater understoy plant biomass than old-growth stands region, other than even-aged silvicullural systems, and the (Alaback 1982o): however, snow accumulation makes them effects of proposed partial cutting on forest stand develop- much less useful for deer habitat in the winter(Rose 1984; meat and understory plant diversity and abundance are un- Kirchhoff and Schoen 1987; Schoen and Kirchhoff 1990). known. Research on alternatives to clear-cutting is currently The dense, uniform canopy of young-growth hemlock- being conducted in southeast Alaska using large espertu-len- spruce stands and the abundant conifer regeneration estah- tat studies, but long-term results of this research will not he fished after thinning significantly reduce understory plant di- available for many years(McClellan et al. 2000).There is a yerviy and abundance. The establishment of these dense need to retrospectively evaluate the effects of previous par- stands is recognized as having broadly negative consc- tial cutting on stand structure, hires( overstorv-understory quences for wildlife habitat (Wallmo and Schoen 1980: interactions, and plant communities to assess the effects of I lantey 1993: Dellasalla et ill. 1996). The use of partial cut- partial cutting and to develop interim management guide- tiny rather than Blear-cutting in old-growth stands needs to lines for new si lvicultural systems. be evaluated to determine if partial cutting can provide the In southeast Alaska,forest stand development after stand- critical stand structure for winter deer habitat, greater plant . replacing disturbances such as clear-cutting is very different diversity and abundance, and important plant species for from the natural gap-phase disturbance regime common in wildlife forage. the region. Stand development after clear-cutting follows a The effects of management practices such as partial cut- clearly defined pattern with the establishment and develop- ting on forest plant communities in hemlock-spruce stands ment of a new cohort of western hemlock and Siika spruce of southeast Alaska are unknown. Before undertaking a trees(Alaback 1982u: Deal et ill. 1991). Conifer regenera- widespread shift to partial cutting, it is essential to under- lion, shrubs, and herbaceous plants are rapidly established stand stand development and to assess the potential role of (stand initiation),and understory plant biomass peaks around partial cutting on understory plant diversity and abundance. IS to 25 years after clear-cutting(Alaback 1982o).Canopy The major objectives of this study were to analyze plant spc- closure occurs about 75 to 35 years after cutting followed by cies diversity and abundance in partially- cut and uncut an intense period of into-tree competition that prevents new stands,and to determine the changes in forest plant commu- tree regeneration (stem exclusion). The developing young- miles occurring after different intensities of partial cutting. I growth stands are extremely dense, and stands have rtla- also evaluated several plant species that are important for lively uniform tree height and diameter distributions. This deer forage and determined if either partial cutting or the in- stage of stem exclusion is long lasting in southeast Alaska tensity of cutting led to significant changes in their ahun- and can persist for 50 to 100 years or longer (Alaback dance. 1 984). During the stem exclusion stage,stands notably lack the multilayered, diverse structure and shrub-herb layers Material and methods found in old-growth or multiaged stands common in the re- gion. Over time, disease, insect, and wind disturbances in Stud v areas these stands(Kimmey 1956; Ilard 1974:Harris 1989)create Southeast Alaska is a temperate rainforest region and part of the gaps in the canopy, resulting in reestablishment of new tree hemlock-spruce forest type that occupies a narrow 3000 knt long cohorts(understory reinitiatiou)and other understoy vegeta- band along the pacific Coast from Coos Bay, Oregon, to Prince Pon. William Sound. Alaska (Barren 1995), The region of southeast Forest development after stand-replacing disturbances Alaska is characterized by ragged steeply rising coastal nmuatains such as clear-cutting has significant and long-term effects on and numerous fore is forested islands Warns et al. 1974).Partial <wvng offore is a.as a common practice in southeast Alaska the understory plant development. Canopy closure eliminates arty 1900s tacit ahem 1950 when poll,agile acre established in most herbs and shrubs(Alaback 19820),and attempts to re- the reggion.Logging practices vaned front hand logging at the torn establish understory plants through thinning dense young- of the century to A-frame,high-lead,and other cable-logging sys- crowlh stands have led to mostly conifer regeneration(Deal tems since the I920s(Rakestraw 19811_Usually,individual Sitka a Cunis.R.O..Ctendenen-G W., Iscitell, 0-5-.el at. 1999.Study plan:sits options for hart eating young-growth production forests. On file at Olympia Forestry Sciences Laboratory.PNW Research Station,Olympia,Wash. 9 2001 NRC Canada Monday. a a5. 1001 555:3.2 e zx iocsy sn a Page 35 of 71 Presentation from Dr, Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. ra, rata w rto:,i, e-a ,ea e,:aurt assets Deal 2069 Fig. 1.The 18 study sites in sots beast Alaska_See Table 1 for definition of site codes. o;n k l �,' 1 s ,— ,cam _ '� -"V r,,-if,\}� `I `vi,'Z",.F I',�''*'- lie( rt .l 'S a /A N kNt,`,tn4-..sIPV N1�C '\ A yg vial i`dt,ur j 'it" Kj fr NoV,4 t':_ \c titgisj",'- y ji,fs a,—,��-, Ri 1`-.w j(c6il.ae A Study Site \', f a€1.ti'e4 +'n `\ es �Sy tom+?±t7\k,/,/'. ;'1_ACN \i11dly + y>ft tV tfr ' t. t F4 'a Ant \ frig"' `T`f t8`'2 /88 Ji �r; < l` \ i spruce trees were cut for sawninther. or western hemlocks were 10 consecmice years averaging at least 50-100%greater than the - - -eragin_ harvested for piling_ leaving stands of variable density, species previous ih years(Lorimer et at. 1988)were used to dnwrnine the composition.and size_ dale of partial cutting These partially cut stands were harvested Eighteen sites were selected to sample a range of"trots since t2-96 years ago(Table It_ cutting",intensity of cutting,and geographic distribution through- I developed stump-to-hi-cast-Wight equations (Deal 1999) to tut southeast Alaska(Fig. I. Table I). Potential study silos were predict tree diameter at breast height(ISBN)from the stump ditun- seloeted from 2004:sites identified from a variety of sources, in- eter,by using forward stepwise regression analysis(Snedecnr and chiding USDA Forest Seniee district files,historical records,and Cochran 1980)_The basal area of each stump was nmltiplied by maps. Study sites were selected under the following criteria:(/)a the appropriate overstory plot expansion factor to determine basal range of time since cutting from 10 to100 years;(u)stands with a cur per hectare for caelt plot,the diameter at tines of cutting only one cutting entry:tint a panic I-cut area of at least 1(1 ha.with of current Use trees was determined by using increment cores and a wide range of cutting intensities at each site,including an uncut stern sect tuns from 986 western hetxiock Shke see nee- aestens area. (n) relatissly uniform topography_ soils, forest type, and red/seder('iftn)n obtain Donn es D. Den),and yellow-cedar trees Mani associations within each site.and(r)geographical disc bu- (t,(nwnuenpm'is mmrketeasrr(D, Don)Spach). I developed site- non throughout southeast Alaska.All study sites were within 2 kin specific regression equations to predict DIM at time of caning for of the nearest shoreline and less than 100 m in elevation all trees by relating DBII at tune of cutting to current tree DBH_ At each study site stand.surveys were conducted to assess and basal area, species_ and plat cutting „tensity (Deal 1999), The find a range of current stand densities and cutting intensit cs,and basal area of all trees at time of cutting was multiplied by the the number and size of cut stumps and overstory trees were noted. -erstort'plot expansion factor to determine stand basal area per An uncut control and generally three partially cut areas(light,me- 1,„„„ far cacti plot at time of cutting. Snag class and snag slue diem, leeasy) were located as each site i 1995 and 1996- data'vote used to determine snag DBH at cutting date,and then 1 Overstoey stand plots, centrally located within each partially cut estimated stand nmrtatny since coning.Fitch snag ass assigned to area.were used to evaluate stand structure_A total of seventy-three a decay class,and a mean age„reach decry class was determined 0.2dta oeceaton'plots were installed at the 18 study sites. I Heiman et al. 1999' P.Palkovi¢,aapubtiStscd data).The live-tree reeression equations were u s e d f o r snags,and snag Will was pre- Slit oil reconstruction dieted at the date of cutting.Periodic basal-area monatiry per hect- Stands were reconstructed back to the date of cutting using cutn sie os estimated for each plot Data on the basal area that ss-as swings,current live Irees,and snag information(Deal 1999). The cut,current live tree basal area at cutting date.and stand mortality date of ratting was determined by using tree radial-growth:naty- since cutting were then combined bined to determine the proportion of sea(Henry and Swan 1974;Otis or 1982: Lorimer 1985)and y - basal area cur fat each stand cutting treatment(Deal 1999).Cutting tied by historical data if available. Patterns of nee release intensity ranged from 16 to 96%of the former stand basal area indicating an abrupt and sustained increase in growth for at least (Table 1). H 2001 NRC Canada VsjttAcY-maqurt=-rvsxoa-ties.op .<w,, or o a AN 9'55:42 Page 36 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... (o to (o sii o J 3 1. M 0 x� Cr (D r o is co m 'liable I.Descriptions of research sites listed chronologically by cutting date. il w (D Cutting intensity Current stand composition" w a Research site(no. of Cutting BA cm BA cut BA uncut BA All trees Spruce Hemlock Other' 3- 0.2-ha plots/site) dare (6),) 01s-hal) pnt-ha() 04011a I) (trees(Ito) (86) (6k) (6k) Forest type O TB,Thomas Bay(3) 910 20-29 18-19 42-77 49-70 237-766 1-17 83-99 0 Western hemlock N (ill.Granite 14) 983 18-86 9-51 9-50 13-70 368-1441) 0-7 93-100 1) Western hemlock W 1"V,Pavlof Ricer(6) 977 36-58 21-43 31-47 37-69 288-823 4-29 42-96 0-46 Sitka spruce N BR, Rig Bear Creek(4) 958 17-36 9-27 47-63 53-79 270-754 15-17 53-85 0 Sitka spruce N MB.Margarita Bay(4) 958 23-83 9-48 10-30 41-63 694-2695 4-24 76-96 0 Western hemlock O. RF',Rainbow Falls(4) 942 34-61 15-5 16-29 44-66 348-1108 0-28 63-100 0-10 Sitka spruce FC,Finger Creek(4) 941 18-41 11-33 44-51 58-75 331-522 5-60 40-95 0 Western hemlock ' WI4, Winter Ilarhor(4) 932 24-38 19-39 56-70 73-95 785-1311 2-33 67-98 0 Sitka spruce SIT Salt Lake Bay(4) 928 48-55 28-35 29-31 63-87 158-642 17-73 27-83 0 Silks spruce CP,Canoe Passage(4) 927 16-75 9-57 19-46 44-66 815-2452 2-13 74-92 6-19 Western hemlock EP, Elf Point(4) 927 17-73 12-36 13-57 42-116 453-1443 2-4 72-96 0-24 Western hemlock SR,Sarkar(4) 925 27-59 14-28 19-37 57-76 467-1163 0-11 89-100 0 Western hemlock IIB, Harms Bay(4) 922 49-96 24-85 3-25 56-83 413-1180 6-62 38-94 0 Silks spruce. KL, Rutlaku Lake(4) 920 31-63 17-31 18-37 58-139 305-525 5-49 35-95 0-16 Sitka spruce PB_Portage Bay(4) 918 26-65 7-28 14-25 47-56 459-1202 5-33 67-95 0 Western hemlock F13,Florence Bay(4) 914 50-57 33-38 26-38 56-83 120-360 18-75 25-82 0 Silks spruce GP,Glass Peninsula 14) 911 23-69 15-41 17-47 60-84 147-397 11-34 28-83 0-49 Sitka spruce WC, Weasel Cove(4) 900 17-51 9-23 22-45 53-75 450-1220 0-24 67-100 11-17 Sitka spruce Sims The cutting intensity data refer to the range for the partially cut plots at each site The nrent stand data include the range of troth uncut and cat plots at each site. the forest Iglu is the major erstry Roe species at Loch site Sr',basal area. "Stand t(ta for trees and basal area includes all trees that are at least 25 c n DBH. "The other minor species include western redeedar pLuln plinth),yellow-cedar O'Annmeoyxins nthuNureuri3O,led alder bl/ter.+ruArn Bony}and inounaln hemlock p'.mgo nrcnwmaam(emng) O Cvmieuel P4 0 v m °o 0 A n co - 0 co z 0 D — z co 0 0 It, m N a AGENDA ITEM#2.b. matte Deficit erRen primer profile Deal 2071 Stand data ers.Diversity measures Calculated included Shannon's diversity in- For each overstors plot tree species, DISH, tree height, and des./1',(Shannon and Weaver 1949)and Pretoa a evenness index- crown position were measured for ail Inc trees greater than 25 cm h',Melon 1975)from DRH(1 3 m)to provide current stand structural information-Stand reconstruction provided data on the date and the intensity of cm- (I( If=-EIp,In(pr)) ling-The overstaff plot dare included time since cutting and stand structural data on the total stand basal area curt,residual basal area retained proponiun of stand basal area cut.stand density,and the where p,is the i:n(xln ante probability in element r,and proportion of spruce and hemlock in the stand(Table I).Environ- mensal data include)elevation,slope,aspect.plant association,and //' type. I It(richness) \"egetation data Under story vegetation was sam pled with ton Iv I m vegetation To determine the effect of partial cutting on plain species rich, quadrats(1.0 n1),and ten 2 n radius shrub plots(12.57 tae)sys- ness.I blocked plots by site and then tested for differences in spe- cies distributed within each of the seventy-three 0.2-ha ties richness between an and uncut plots for all plants and for overstory plots. Grumpy cover classes by species for all herbs_ vascular plants separately, using contrast analyses (SAS Instituw mosses,lichens.liverworts.and tree seedlings less than 0.1 m tall Inc. 1989).1 thou Mocked plots by site and determined the effect of were estimated within each vegetation quadrat. The canopy cover cutting intensity(°o basal area(B,A)an)on species richness for classes were estimated for shrub and understory tree species,and plants mad for sascul»r plants. shrub and tree seedlings greater than 0.1 nt tall were measured for Following construction of the reduced data set, l used muff, height within the shrub plots. Canopy cover classes were as fat- response pennatation prsmederes(NIRPP)and non-metric multidi- lows.<I, 1-5_>5-25,>25-50,-•50...75,>75-95. and>95-100% 188115101181 scaling ordination (NN IS) in PC-ORD (McCune anti (paubenmire 1459}_ Nteford 1997) to analyze species composition and abundance (plant community stricture). For the N(RPP analysis,I pooled all of the partially cut plots and tested for differences in plant commis Construction of dila sets nits structure between unto(and partially cut plots.I separated the The canopy cover dam for the 10 vegetation quadrats and shrub recently harvested sites(cal 12-35 years ago:pre-canopy closure) plots were combined and averaged within each orerston'plot to es- from the older sites(cut 53-96 scars ago;post-canopy closure)and timate mean abundance for each plant species found on the 02-ha compared plant conunu nity structure in four cutting intensity overstory plots.The percent vegetation cover for each all species (timid,was classes 1-,25% B'N 26-50% BA cut, and >50% BA calculated using the midpoints of each canopy.cover class.A plot- cup_I used NIRPP to test for differences in community structure • by-species matrix was constructed where species abundance data between the uncut plot)and the three plat cutting intensities. For consisted of mean cover. Separate data sets were constructed and ordination analysis, I initially used a Bray-Curtis ordination with used to assess species diversity and plant community stmemre. Sorenson distance measure and variance-regression endpoint seles- One data set used the full set of 73 plots and 146 species.Another lion.This generally provided a good spread of points in the ordinu- dam set contained only vascular plants and included 73 plots and lion,and I saved the ordination scores as an input configuration for 56 species; this data set was used to assess species diversity and NNIS_I then used NNIS ordination with Sorenson distance measure richness of vascular plants and to analyze the structure of the vas- for two and Mice axes with 100 iterations. I also ran Monte Carlo color plant community Finally,a reduced data set was developed tests on a series from six axes to one axis and compared the stress where species o nn n n fewer than three Plots were removed obtained Goo the randomized data with ow data set (Kniskal from the data set,No plots were rammed,bat 36 species occurring 1964,Clarke 1993). All ordinations were rotated to align the rati- on only one plot and nine species occurring on only two plots were able forest type withn axis I. Forest type is the major overston tree removed,creating a reduced data matrix of 73 plots and 101 spe- species based op plan) acsoeietim>< and this w used to rotate cies,'the reduced data set was developed to determine if the elimi- , erston tore composition with understory plant cononmrit-stme- nation of rare species reduced the variability of species abundance lure.The final ordination model was selected as the one that ex- and strengthened the relationship between plots and species corn- plained the greatest amount of variation in the original distance position. This reduced data set was later used for all additional matrix on the newest mmher of ones. I then analyzed oredays of analyses of plant community structure. variables from the eo'ironmenml matrix and reported the relation An environmental matrix comprising bmtl'I qua n(itative and sate- of NNIS axes In plant species composition and abundance and key gorical variables was constructed using the stand structural and en- environmental variables associated with each axis. yironme n I data font the Oserstory d plots- 1 class variable for The ffects of partial mining on wildlife habitat were examined cutting intensity was created using the proportion of basal area cut: by analyzing changes in the abundance of eight plant species uncut plots(0)-plots with I-25%of basal area cut(I),plots with pertain for deer forage(Hanley and NICKeldrick 1985; Kirchhoff 26-50%basal area cut(2)-and plots anh greater than 50%of the and Hanley 1992).-these plant species-included five herbs(Cops v basal area cut(3) arplenrfo/tn, Carvuv omwderrru'. {mic/Von a erimrrurr r, Ruhuv /'ed(7m.µ and 'novella rril;nllara), one fern (Dnvpreri,s erpanan). Data analysis and tsso shrubs(l"umonium are/tf runs and lbccrniaut parelirbuno Species richness and diversity measures hr the full, reduced. (P jar and Mackinnon 19941.Canopy cover for cacti species was and vascular plant (including separate subsets for herbs and It1e raged for each of the four plot cutting intensities.To determine. shrubs) data sets were calculated using PC-ORD (NtcCune and the general eft'ects of partial cutting on the abundance of these Mefferd 1997). Diversity measures for species(gamma diversity. plant species.I blocked plots by site and tested for differences in the matt number of plant species in the study:alpha diversity;the abundance(mean cover)between out and uncut plots for each ape- mean number of species in the mermen,'0.2-ha plms;and beta di- cies using contrast analysis(SAS Institute inc. 1989) For a more 'shy,the amount of species compositional change in plots)and detailed assessment of partial cutting effects, I then blocked plots data distribution(skewness and coefficient of striation)for both by site and determined dm effect of noting intensity on the abnn- plots and species welts determined-The data were tested for outli- dance for each plant species, 0 2001 NRC Canada ae11e\a]1ra1\8jar-ra\x0:-rr3 vp Mendes, xnresaac Os. 2001 a.ss,ss AM Page 38 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and -.. AGENDA ITEM #2.b. C.,lor MOW, m[pri r pratil• Cospos to Default .coon 2072 Can.J. For.Res.Vol.31,2001 Table 2.Species diversity Pleasures and data distribution for the full data set( 46 plant species).re- duced data set(301 plant species).vascular plats.herbaceous plants,and shrubs, Data distribution Species diversity measures" Coefficient of variation(%) Skew n ss __ Total of Total of Plot Species Data set Gamma ,alpha :Rem !i H' plots species mean mean Full 146 31,3 4.67 0.66 2.27 33.10 314,51 6.67 5.60 Reduced' 101 30,6 3.30 0.82 2.80 31.95 75,48 351 442 Vascular 56 11,7 3.81 0.66 1.77 50.83 221.75 4.56 5.40 Herb` 41 9.2 446 0.70 1.48 65.30 188,25 4.01 537 Shrub(' 15 5.5 2,73 0.53 0.90 70.05 191.93 2.92 547 "Gamma diversity. total the nd n mber of plant spe n the study,alpha dis cavity is the mean number of species in the o erstory 02-he plots:beta diversity is the amount of species compositional change n plots:e s(Yl)= HHn(dchness),from Ptel)u(1975},di,emu):(H'I=-sir,lnGiD.there p,is the imporlangt probability in element i, from Shannon and weave,(('49). 'The reduced dais set included only species found on three or more plots. `The herb data set included herbaceous plants and ferns 'The shrub data set included woody shrubs and tree seedlings Results Fig.2-The species richness of all plmvs(a)and vascular plants only(8)as a function of cutting intensity_The reported R and p Species diversity values are for the 55 partially cut plots only. The full data set had high species richness with 146 plant 50 (a} species found on the 73 partially cut and uncut plots (Ta- • All Plants ble 2). Species richness was highly variable among stands, • ranging from 19 to 48 species in cut plots at recently har- 40 vested sites (Margarita Bay and Thomas Bay, respectively) • •r ••and from IS to 42 species in cut plots at older sites data set 30 -i--C�y and Weasel Cove, respectively). The vascular plant data set t also was species rich, particularly for the relatively species- • • 2 poor forest plant communities of southeast Alaska; it con- 20 rained 56 species of shrubs,ferns,tree seedlings,and herba- p • • ceous plants(Table 2). E The removal of species occurring in fester titan three plots m N eV sawn resulted in a reduced data set of 101 species.Overall,the re- tn p.p 132 7 doted data set had substantially reduced variability in spe- a 0"„ - cies abundance (E and If measures), Willi only slightly a a 20 40 60 80 tea reduced plot species richness(alpha diversity,Table 2).The CO data distribution for the full data set had highly variable spe- - 25- (b) cies abundance with an average skewness of 6,67 and 5.60 Plants for plots gild species, respectively ("fable 2). The coefficient n of variation for plots was relatively low(33%).hut very high E 20' • • for species (314;x)reflecting the high variability in species • abundance. The herb and shrub data sets (vascular plants) Z -•• - is also had high variation in species abundance (high coeffl- `'""--------. cent of variation and skewness).The reduced data reduced the variability of species abundance and strengthened the re- 10 lationship between plots and species composition. This re- duced data set was therefore used for all additional analyses • of plant community structure. s- • • Species richness was highly variable among stands, hut B'-0,020 after accounting for differences in species composition by P`0.3e2 blocking by site,1 found no significant difference in species ° . a 20 40 s, 80 too richness between the uncut and ptntiaen cut plots (p = 0,295). I also found no significant difference Qt=0.263)in Percent Basal Area Cut the species richness of vascular plants between the uncut and partially cut plots. Species richness of all plants decreased cutting intensity(Nips 28)hut the relationship was not stand) with increasing cutting intensity (Fig,20),bets the relation- icant (R2= 0.020,p ' 0.362). The species richness of all Ship was weak(R2=0.111,p=0.137). Species richness of plants and vascular plants was similar among the uncut and vascular plants alone also decreased slightly with increasing partially cut plots,and neither partial cutting nor the inlen- 0 2001 ARC Canada l,kites 0a0aAnicn-tt\x*t-143.vp Mseaar, Ilovenxer os. 2501 c:55 17 am Page 39 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. e c. us° nta-er"'eta Deal 2073 Fig.3.The plant couuthmity rtrttdare in species space From non-metric multidimensional scaling for the 73 uncut and partially cut plots. Sec Table I for definition of site codes. Uncut 1.5 _ _ "G\ 6, A n Gut O 1\ (N 0,5 _ H. •Fe A S , ,Ant. A, A., An A' A- A` A "A" 'c �,a Ilr A A, A -1.5 _ Ato I i 1 4 ( I t I -1.5 .0.5 0.5 1.5 Axis 1 sity of culling led to significant changes in plant species 'table 3,The effect of cutting intensity on plant communiy richness. smtcture. MR PP Plant community strueture Cutting treatment compadams{u) probabilities The NMS ordination of plots showed that species coupe- All uncut plots(t8)vs_alt partially cut plots(551 0.1 to sition and abundance(plant community structure)was simi- Recent"untta plots(5)vs.recent cut plots(t6) 0.965 lap in the uncut and partially cut plots(Fig. 3). The cut and Older'unc el plots(13)vs older cut pints(39) 0.066 uncut plots frequently grouped together by stand, and in Recent uncut plots(5)vs.recent cut plots with 0.995 some stands all plots formed tight clusters (e,g., SB, PB. I-25;0 of stand BA cut(6) KC,and WC Fig.3)indicating that plant communities were Older uncut plots(I3)vs.older cut plots with 0.559 often more similar within stands than among stands. MRPP 1-2516 of stand BA cut(5) analysis also showed no significant differences in plant corn- Recent uncut plots(5)vs.moan(cut plots with 0.761 mutiny structure between the partially cut and uncut plots 26_50%of stand BA cut(Si) (p t.,0,110:Table 3). Older uncut plots{13)vs.older cut plots with RiMt) Recently cut plots harvested 12-3&years ago,and not yet 26-5016 of stand BA cur(16) in the canopy closure-stem exclusion stage,did not signifi- Recent uncut plots(5)vs.recent cut plots with 0.039 candy differ in community structure from the uncut plots 51-99%of stand BA cut(41 (p=0.965:Table 3).In contrast,plots harvested 53-96 years Older uncut plots(13)vs_older cut plots with 0.029 ago, and past the normal onset of canopy closure, appeared 51-99%of stand BA cur(IS) to have somewhat different plant community structure than tote;me malr.esponse permutation procedure(MRPP)probahi'ties the uncut plots(p=0.066:Table 3).However,the apparently ate the pmbubalty of no difference in plant community sate between different response in recently harvested versus older sites the tespemive gmaps of uncut cad penalty w+plots BA,basal area was largely explained by the effect of cutting intensity.The itecen1 sites "etude sties hammed 12-It yea's ago,elder sites light(1-25%BA)and medium(26-50°,6 BA)cutting inten- sity plots were similar to the uncut plots far bolls the re- cently harvested and older sites, and they did not differ (p=0,039 and 0.029, respectively:"fable 31. Overall, plant signillcantly in community structure from the uncut plots communities were similar between the uncut and partially (p= 0.995, 0.559, 0.761. and 0.120. respectively: Table 3). cm plots but the intensity of cutting appeared to cause sig- However,the heavy cutting linenetty plots(>50;6 BA)had a nilicant changes in plant community structure. significantly different plant axmnunirt' structure than the Most stand and environmental variables, including stand uncut plots for both the recently harvested and older sites density measures such as basal area and crown competition 9 2001 NRC Ca,ads thycw'eiei-leso-ag anowav n¢ m ts, met 5,55,4E m Page 40 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. Color profile: pricier prattle le composite favlc screen 2074 Can.J.For.Res.Vol.31.2001 Table 4.The rrelation coefficient(r)and cumulative coy[0- between the uncut and partially cut plots(p -0.085,0.187, dens of determination(Re)of stand and em-ironmental variables 0.345, and 0.780, respectively). herbaceous cover varied and species variables with NAIS ordination axes. greatly among stands and within different plot cutting inten- k',both sities,and significant relationships with plan)abundance and cutting intensity were generally not apparent(Fig. 4). How- r,axis I r.axis 2 axes ever, the herb L sichiton onrericamnrr skunk cabbage)mi and Stand and c menud variables the fern Drroprcris (aphis(' (shield fern) showed different Time since cutting 0.043 0.361 0.132 responses to cutting.The cover of skunk cabbage was signif- Elevation -0.432 0.022 0.187 icanlly lower in the partially cut plots than in the uncut plots Current staid BA 0.131 0.158 0.042 (p< 0.001). Skunk cabbage was uncommon and was found CCPP -0.285 0.292 0.166 only on 18 plots (about 25;0 of plots in the study). Skunk Total stems -0.567 0.125 11.337 cabbage is a recognized indicator of wet soil conditions o spruce 0.551 -0.145 0.325 (Klinka et al. 1989), and its presence and abundance are 52 hemlock -0.517 0.212 0.312 probably more related to wet microsites than cutting treat- 0 other species 0.038 -0.177 0.033 ment. Cover for shield fern was significantly higher (p = Stand BA cut 0.193 0.076 0.043 0.010) in the partially cut plots compared with the uncut Stand BA uncut -0.130 -0.037 0.018 plots,and cover significantly increased with increasing cut- 51 of stand cut 0.174 0.127 0.046 ring intensity (p=0.005; Fig. 4). Species variables The shrub fircciniurrr m'ul jdimn (blueberry) occurred in Athrriuni pli J•mum(fern) 0.649 -0.135 0.439 70 of the 73 plots and showed a significant decrease (p Copres asplenj ho(herb) -0.058 -0.357 0.131 0.008) in mean cover in the partially cut plots compared Carron a mdensls(herb) -0.208 -0.484 0.278 with the uncut plots. After accounting for differences in On opmris expanse(fern) 0.250 -0.161 0.089 abundance by blocking by site, I found that blueberry cover Grnumcnrpmern dnoprens(fern) 0.645 -0.191 0.453 also significantly decreased with increasing cutting intensity LLVCh«on amerteunnm(herb) -0.1135 -0.339 0.116 (p=0.020; Fig_4).There was no significant difference(p= Oplopuuae harnaha(shrub) 0.638 -0.324 0.512 0.426)in cover of the shrub InceOrran prrvifthurn between Rlnmdiudelphus Inreus(moss) -0.603 0.019 0.364 the uncut and partially cut plots. Rnhus per (herb) -0.100 -0.324 0.115 7mrellu ox/irlioru(herb) 0.519 -0.210 0.314 Yaccirrinm oralf hurt(shrub) -0.525 -0 306 0.369 Discussion Fact:hy an pen jolnrm(shrub) -0.336 -0.051 0.116 Community composition and structure is [Ste ordination seas rotated to align the variable"forest ryas" The species richness of these partially cut stands is relit- (major(wasters tree species based on ninth association)with the hest tively high and comparable to levels reported for other old- an is Species selected were either important species for deer forage or e species highly correlated with ordination axes BA,basal a growth stands in the region(Alabuck 1982a, 1982h;Alahack w'CCF,c competition factor-n(maximum c width')' and Juday 1989; Hanley and Hod 1996; Hanley and Brady [0014' 100017(Knpcek et al. 1961),where maximum crown width- 1997). 1 found no significant differences in species richness o7+0.334(0""'°)for southeast Alaska(Farr et at 1989),and tt is tree between the uncut and partially cut plots in this stud). The diameter_ high species richness and abundance of understory plants in partially cut stands is vet' different from the typical plant understories found in stands developing after clear-cutting. factor, were poorly correlated with the first two axes of the The loss of biodiversity following clear-cutting is well docu- NMS ordination(Table 4)_however,stem density was nega- mented in southeast Alaska (Wallnlo and Schoen 1980; tively associated with axis I and explained the greatest Schoen et al. 1988; Yea and Peek 1992; Manley 1993)and is amount of variation for both ordination axes (Rd= 0.337; closely associated with the rapid development of conifers Table 4). Stem density was closely related to the proportion (Alahack 1982h, 1984;Deal and Parr 1994).Canopy closure of hemlock in the stand, and species composition and abun- and the decline in plant abundance during the ensuing stem dance appeared to differ among densely stocked hemlock- exclusion stage of stand development (Oliver and Larson dominated stands and lighter stocked spruce-dominated 1990)is extremely intense and can last for over 100 years in stands. Canopy coverage of a few dominant understory spe- southeast Alaska. Aluback (19820) found that stands had vies (e.g., Oplopmua horridus and 14rceinrrmr ovals illnun) vent'species-poor plant understornes 40-90 years after clear- was closely associated with aversion: tree composition(for- cutting. I also found significant differences in plant commu- est type)_ Oplopanor was a frequent associate with Sitlea nay structure between the uncut plots and the heavy cutting spruce, and I"acCl/1lnlll was a common associate with west- intensity plots. However, these differences in community em hemlock. Two ferns (.Irhnrium fili.-femme and structure after partial cutting were relatively small compared Gynmucarpium (Ir7npieris) also showed strong associations with the virtual elimination of shahs and herbaceous plants with Sitka spruce. that occurs after clear-cutting. Some of the important plant species for deer forage Abundance of important plant species for deer forage showed slight reductions in cover following partial culling I did not find any significant difference in four of the five However, five of the eight most important species had no most important herbs for deer forage (Copies (spleni/olio, significant changes in abundance,two species decreased and Corms conoden.sis, Rnhus pedants, and Iiorellu ir{pdirua) one species increased in abundance fallowing partial cutting, ©2001 SRC Canada trAcitrAejtrltVcitr-to\xot-tan w Page 41 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. ep s_er14Meeoatr acmm Pr+nc.c P"file Deal 2075 fig,4.'fhc mcan cover for right plant species important for deer forage as a function of cutting intensify. 'The reported Re and p vats toes are for the partially cut plots only. It t9 Coptis asplenlfolia Cornus canadensis Is t0 • • P'-0009 N.0.024 p.q_y15 p-6220 0 0 ♦ ♦ 00 at 40 W BO 100 a0 X20 40 60 60 IW 20 Airbus pedatus 16 Tiarella trifoliate • R'c0051 is A}-0099 p-0500 p-0.199 to It • • • 1 • S ....... 9 a) • r�.{ 0 20 tl W 00 iW 00 20 40 W W 1W V o 20 • Dryopteris expanse ro• Lysichiton americanum c • 0'-0.007 It as g1.0.017 to p-0.100 Ca, ' • 5.0.055 C t0, I0 0)}10 20-`r40 00 00 100 00 20 40 60 00 100 HO I0 Vaccinium ovaiifolium Vaccinium parvifollum • H'-5.090 X'-0.013 W p•0020 • p■0271 • 40 s •20 1 . 0 20 0 ..• _-. 0 40 W W I00 0 ro w s0 ea IW Percent Basal Area Cut Blueberry is a common shrub and an impon;mt fond source abundance fn stands 20-80 years after clear-cutting(clear- for Sttka black-tailed doer in southeast Alaska,and the sig- culling data are from Alaback 1982b;Fig_5).In contrast,the nif cant decrease in hlueherry abundance with net easing mean cover of blueberry in these partially cut plots was rela- cutting intensity may reduce available deer forage.. Iimvever, tively constant over time and did not show the pronounced the decrease in blueberry abundance after partial cutting is decrease in blueberry abundance during this stage of stand relatively small compared with the near elimination of development. understot-v shrubs and herbs that commonly occurs after Plant community structure appears resilient to partial cut- clear-cutting Comparison of partially cot and clear-cut ring within a moderate range of cutting intensity.Ordination stands shows the rapid peak and dramatic drop of blueberry and h4RPP analyses showed that similar plant communities ®2001 NRC Cants s r 5 w mender, as emaar5s 200 9155,53 nv Page 42 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. cc:pw; :,te punter profile Fn retook a,raen 2076 Can.J.For,Res.Vol.31,2001 Fig.5.Comparison of the abundance of Inecmm,ore/,/is/istn in lure, especially as related to tree density and proportion of partially wt stands and in stands developing after clear-coiling western hemlock. The nine plots with the fewest plant spe- (clear-caving data from Atsback I9826). cies averaged more than 1300 trees/ha,almost twice the av- 40_ . erage for all partially cut plots. In these species-poor understory plots,almost 90;6 of the trees were hemlock,and Clearcut all nine plats were well above the col plot overage (79% it 30 - hemlock). Furthermore, the six plots with the fewest vascu- lar plants averaged almost 95% hemlock. It appears that '-�-' Partial cut these hemlock-dominated stands with large numbers of trees o U 20 have severely suppressed understory development. These e species-poor understory plots had numerous,small-diameter `e_ _ • trees established soon after cutting. New tree regeneration 10. was generally abundant on cut plots, and heavy cutting• tensity favored establishment of both hemlock and spruce 'e trees. The establishment of new-tree cohorts was positively 0 — =•=r-•_, related to the proportion of basal area cut, and new trees 0 20 40 60 80 100 were always established in plots with at least 50%or more of the basal area cut(Deal and Tappeiner 2001). Plots with Years Since Cutting more Than 50%of the basal area removed had significantly different plant community structure than uncut plots, and develop for different cutting intensifies within individual this cutting intensity level may be an imponant threshold for stands. Thus, the differences in plant communities among maintaining understory plant communities. The stands with stands do not appear to be attributable to cutting intensity_In large numbers of young-growth trees formed a dense new this study, species composition remained relatively un- cohort that suppressed shrubs and herbs. The development changed as stands developed after panial cutting. Species of a new cohort that suppresses understory vegetation has composition may he related to °versions tree composition been reported in other studies. In a coastal spruce-hemlock (Hanley and Hoel 1996: Deal 1997), site differences in soil stand in Oregon,Alaback and Herman(1988)found that the drainage(Hanley and Brady 1997; Bormann et al. 1995; Ver establishment of a second cohort of trees below the I loef et a1. 1988), or stand structures and other site-specific overmans severely suppressed the understory vegetation. factors (Alaback 1984; Deal and 'Tappeiner 2001). Overall, Deal and Parr (1994) also found that thinning young hem- partial cutting maintained diverse and abundant plant under- lock-spruce stands promoted dense germination of stories comparable to the plant communities typically found understory conifers and prevented the establishment of other in old-growth stands, underston plants. Stand dynamics,tree species composition, The time since cutting did not have a significant effect on and stand structure are integral components of overstory- plant community structure, as older and more recently liar- understory interactions and strongly influence understory vested stands had similar understories following partial cut- plant community structure. Ling. This was a surprising result considering the changes in The tree size structure of these partially cut stands may understories that normally occur following canopy closure in also be an important factor for maintaining understory plant older stands and the differences in harvesting methods be- diversity and abundance. The residual trees remaining after tween the older and more recently harvested sites. Al the partial culling grew rapidly and were a dominant component turn of the century most stands were cut with individual-tree of the current stand (Deal 1999). Immediately after culling selection using hand-logging operations, which, since the there were few trees on these plots greater than 70 cm DBH, 1920s, have been replaced by cable-logging systems and these cut stands had very different tree size structures (Rakestraw 1981: Deal 1999). Clear-cutting has led to than the old-growth stands prior to cutting (Deal and marked changes in forest stand development but patterns of Tappeiner 2901). Sixty years after cutting, however, these understory plant development following clear-cutting are stands had similar numbers of large-sized (>100 cm DBH) similar with different harvesting systems. Alaback (1982a) trees compared with the old-growth stands,and these similar reported"no clear differences in understory development al- structures were largely a result of the growth of the medium- ter harvesting with various cable-logging systems"(e.g., A- diameter trees into the larger diameter classes. Following frame, high-lead, and skyline). Thus, the controlling factor partial cutting there is often a wide range of large and small for understory plant development appears to he the intensity trees left in the residual stands,and these stands develop and of cutting,and the time since cutting and specific harvesting form structurally complex,multi layered forest canopies. The systems appear less imponant. heterogeneous stand structures that develop after partial cut- ting are much more similar to old-growth stands than to the Overstory-understory interactions uniform young-growth stands that develop after clear- The reasons for differences in species composition and cutting. Alaback(1984) found that several structural ditTer- abundance in these partially cut stands appear complex and ences between old-growth stands and young-growth stands may be related to several factors,including tree species con- were related to differences in canopy density and canopy position,stand density,and other site and environmental fay- structure_ These stand structures may influence light levels tors. Plant community structure appears to be closely that are critical for understory plant development (Alaback associated with aversion: tree composition and stand strut- 1984; Tappeiner and Alaback 1989). The presence of large in 2001 SRC Canada r-Kifra=ar-vVcier-naxm-14a-.y Manday, November Si, 2001 Page 43 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. t:o,r,F 'f .:e nrinr.r profit, ea wniir w ta�ie . Deal 2077 and small residual trees after partial cutting creates structural Ange Istan, 14K. 1998, Maintaining and restoring biodicersity in heterogeneity and complex overstory-understory intent- European boreal forests by developing natural disturbance re- ions,and these structures may be important for maintaining rimes_1. Veg.Sci. 9: 593-602. abundant and diverse underStcry plant Communities. Amon.IT,and Beese,58..1, 1997. Alternatives to ctearcuuing in It is important to remember that these stands were cut to BC coastal ntonmne forests.For.Chain.73.670-678. provide specific wood products Such as spruce asawtunber Attioiil,PSt_1994,The disturbance of forest ecosystems_the eel- and hemlock pilings,and culling occurred without a goal of logical basis for conservation management. For_Fool. Manage. maintaining understory species or the complex stand state- 63: 347-3011 lures found in old-growth forests,Nevertheless. I found that Aobp- K.B., Atuaranthus, NIP_ Halpern_ C B- White. ]0„ these partially nil stands had Flush species diversity and Woodard B.L.. Peterson, C_E. Lagoudakis.C.A., and Honors, maintained underslon' plant abundance over a moderately A.1. 1999. Iicaluating the effects of varying levels and patients wide range of cuffing intensity. Partial cutting may closely of green-tree retention experimental design of the DEMO stdy. mimic the natural disturbance regime of southeast Alaska. Northwest Sci. 73(tipec. Issue). 12-26_ This region is dominated by high frequency,low-to medium- Wiley J.W. 1993,Reginn11 silviculture of the United States_John magnitude wind disturbances (Harris 198h9, Lenin/an et al. N'ilec& Sons. New York. Bonnarm. F1-1,1996; Nowacki and Kramer 19981. Large-scale catastrophic . ., an d L(kons, G.E. 1929. Pattern and process in events such as stand replacing fires are rare. Frequently, forested ecosystem: disturbance, development, and the steady some of the original stand remllln5 after a bloe'down,creel- state hued on the hfubbaid Brook ecosystem study. Spnneer- Verlag, New York. tog complex mettleged or uneven-seed stands.The complex B,snnann, 137_, Spaltenstein, Ii_ McClellan. Mil_Ugotini,F.C_, structures left after partial cooing may create conditions Cromack_K.,and Nay,S.:41. 1993,Rapid soil development after similar to natural, tans-intensity disturbances that are cos- windthrow disturbance in pristine forests.1.Ecal-83:747-757. con in the region.Further investigation or mechanisms con- Brady, 44.11.,and Hanley, TA. 1984. The role of disturbance in trolling stand responses to partial cutting appears warranted old-growth Forests:sonic theoretical implications for southeast- to improve understanding and to develop management eat Alaska.Pi Proceedings of the Symposium:Fists and Wildlife guidelines for new sit vicattural sysimns in southeast Alaska. Relationships in(71d-Growth Forests, I2-15 Apr. 1982.Juneau, Alaska. fidurd by 19.19, Stephan. TR. Sterrett, Jr.. and TA. Acknowledgements Hanley. American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists, Morehead City,N.C.pp.213-218. This project is a contribution from the USDA Forest Ser- Christensen,N.L. 1989.Landscape history and ecological change. vice study Alternatives to Clearcutling in the Old-Growth 1. For Hist.33; 116.-124. Forests of Southeast Alaska, a joint effort of the Pacific Clarke, K.R. 1993, Non-parametric multivariate analyses of Northwest Research Station, the Alaska Region, and the changes in community structure.Aust.J. Eco1_ 18: 117-143. Tongass National Forest. I thank my field crew and research Coates_IC_D.,and Burton,P.J. 1997.A gap-based approach for de- associates, David Bassett, Ellen Anderson, Louise Yount, velopment of sit vicul anal systems to address ecosystem man- and Pal Palkovic. I am grateful for the review of earlier ver- agement objectives-For. Fool. Manage.99: 337-354. sions of this paper from John Pappeincr- Steve Tesch, Pat Cmmell.JAL,and Slatver,R.O. 1977. Mechanisms of succession Muir, Bruce McCune,Tom I lanky,and Mail Kirchhoff. in natural communities and their rote in community stability and otsanszotion_Am. Nat. till II19-11 td, Dauhemnire. K. 1959. A canopy coverage method of vegetation References ,r,:dssis.Northwest Sci.33:43-64, Alaimo*, Y.B. 19820. Dynamics of undernmy biomass in Shka Deal,R.L. 1997 Underway plant diversity in riparian alder-coni- spnt -westerns hemlock forests of southeast Alaska. Ecology. ler stands alter lodging is southeast Alaska. USDA For. Sere. 63: 1932-1948. Res-Note PNV6-RN-523, Alaback, P.B. 1982/,. Forest community slxudurai change during Deal. R.L. 1999. The effects of partial cutting on stand stmeture secondary succession in southeast Al assn.In Proceedings of the and growd,and forest giant communities of western henaoek- Svntpnsiina: Forest Snccessioa and Stand Development Re- Sitka spruce stands in southeast Alaska Ph.D.dissertation_Ores ¢It in the Ntinlmest.26 Nlac 1981,Corvallis.Oreg. ZAned Nett State Ui dversiry:Corvallis.Oreg. hr3.F.Means.Oregon State University.Forestry Research 1,ah- Deal,R.1,.,and Parr W A. 1994.Composition and development of oratory,Conallis.Oreg.pp. 70-79. conifer regeneration in ituntied and unthinned natural stands of Alaback,P.B. 1984.A comparison of old-growth forest structure in westerns hemlock and Silks spruce in southeast Alaska. Can.J. the western hemlock-S itka spruce %rests of southeast Alaska. For. Res. 24: 976-984, In Proceedings of the Symposium: Fish and Wildlife Relation- Deal,R.L.,Oliver,C.B.,and Bommnn, 8.91 1991. Reconstruction ships in Old-Growth Forests. 12-15 Apr. 1982.Juneau,Alaska. of mixed hemlock-Apra ce stands in coastal southeast Alaska. Line,/ by W.R. Meehan. T.R. Meneil.L:, and T.A. Hanley. Can. 1_For Res,21; 643-654. American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists. Morehead Deal.R.L.,and 7appeiner,l.C.2901,The effects of partial cutting City.N.C.pp. 219-226_ 011 stand structure and geosvlh of westem hemlock-Siika spruce Alaback. EB_. and Herman_ F.M. 3988, i,ong.senn response of stands in southeast Alaska.For,Eeol. Manage. In press. nndersmry vet/en/don to stand density in Picea-Tseigc forests. Dellasata, D_A. Hager.1.C., Engel, K..A_SteComh, 84".C,. Fair- Can,I,For. Res- 181 1522-1530. bunts_R.L., and Campbell. E.G_ 1996. Effects of silvietdmml Alaback.PB_and Luiay.G.P. 1939.Structure and composition of modifications of temperate rainforest on breeding and%sintering toss cic ration old-growth forests in research natural areas of bird conmumities. Prince of wales Island. southeast Alaska. southeast Alaska. Nat. Areas J.9: 77.-39, Condor.98:706-721. C 2001 NRC Canada tonn t e. November 55, tool s:s>.s5 wt/ Page 44 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ..- AGENDA ITEM #2.b. � a� to Default ocr„a g�t�f prof ate 2078 Can.,I.For.Res.Vol.31,2001 Egier, F.E. 1954. Vegetation science concepts I. Initial floristic Kirchhoff,NI.-and Schoen.J.W. 1987. Forest cover and snow:it mpu_sition. a factor in old-field vegetation development_ pitcations for deer habitat in southeast Alaska. _Wildl_Manage Vegeiatio,4:412-417. a 28-33. Farr,W.A.,Demers,D J_.and Dealy,J.E. 1989. Height and cross" Klinka,K., Krajina,VI,Ceska.A.-and Scagel.A.M. 1989. !nth- width related to diameter for open-grown western hemlock and cater plants of British Columbia.University of British Columbia Sitka spruce. Can_J. For Res. 19. 1203-1207, Press. Vancouver, B.C. Franklin,I.F. 1989.Toward a new forestry.Am_For.95: 37-44 Krajicek,J.Ii., Brinkman, K.A. and Gingrich, S.F. 1961. Crown Franklin,J.F.,Cromack, K J_-Denison,NV,.McKee,A.,Maser,C. competition-a measure of density. For. Sci. 7: 35-42. Swanson, F., and J uday, G. 1981. Ecological charaelen slics of Kntskal.1.B. 1964 Nonmetric multidimensional sealing:a mnneri- old-gtsnsth Douglas-fir forests. USDA\ For, SM. Gen. Their cal method. Psychontetrica,29: 115-129. Rep, PNW-GTR-118. Larsen, J.B 1995. Ecological stability of forests and sustainable Franklin,,I.F.,Berg. D.R..Thomburglt D.A.. and Tappeiner, J.0 silviculture. For Ecol. Manage. 7J. 85-96. 1997. Altematise si lviculuaal approaches to timber hartesling: Lenetnan, K.P., Sutherland. G.D., In selbetg_ A.. and Saunders, variable retention hangs(systems_Its Creating a forestry for the S.C. 1996. Canopy gaps and the landscape mosaic in a coastal 21st century_ Edned hr K.A. Kohut and J.F. Franklin. Island temperate rain forest. Ecology,77.. 1251-127U_ Press,Washington,D_C. pp. 111-139_ Lorimer.C.G. 1985, ,Methodological considerations in the analysis Halpern,CB_ 1989. Earl mat patterns of forest species: of forest disturbance history.Can 1. For. Res. I5:200-213. interactions of life history traits and disturbance. Ecology, 70: Lorimer,C.O. 14dicl L.E and N Nordheim.E.V. 1988.Estimating 70.1-720 gap origin probabilities for canopy trees.Ecology,69:778-785. Harrier, T.A. 1993. Balancing economic development, biological McClellan. NI II., Swanston, D N.. Pennon, P.E., Deal, R.I,.. Dc onscnati on, and human culture: the Sitka black-tailed deer Santo.T.I,.,and N,pti.NI.S. 2000. Al tematises to cleareutting (Orhsea/leus hemiarus sitkensis)as an ecological indicator.Biol. in the old-growth forests of southeast Alaska.study plan and es- Cons.66:61-67. tablishment repen. USDA For. Seta. Gen. Tech_ Rep. PN W- Panle6',T.A.,and Brody.W.W. 1997.Underston'species composi- (.11 R-49J. Lion and production it old-growth western hemlock - 5,ika NlcCune,IJ..and Nleiord,NI.J.1997.PC-ORD NIultivariate analy- spmce forests of southeast Alaska.Can.J. Hot. 75:574-580_ sis of ecological data. anion 3rd oil. MINI Software Design, Hanley, TA., and Hoe1, 'P. 1996. Species composition of old- Glrneden Beach,Oreg. growth and riparian Sitka .spree-ssestem hemlock forests in Noeacki-G.1,and Kramer,.NLG. 1998.The cffeas of wind distill- growth Alaska.Can.J. her. Res. 26: 1703-1708. bane on temperate min forest structure and dynamics of south- southeastern T.A., and N lc Kendra ek, J.D. 1985_ Potential nutritional cast Alaska. hr Consen'ation and resource assessments for the limitations for black-oiled deer in a spruce-hemlock forest. Tongass land management plan revision. Edited by C.O. Shaw, limitations Alaska 1_R'ildl. M1lanage_J9: IOa-Ili. III and K.R. Julin. USDA For. Sers:u Gen. 'tech. Rep. PN'W- GTR-03 I. Hard,J.S. 1974.The forest ecosystem of southeast Alaska 2:for Oliver, C.D. 1982. Stand development-its uses and methods of est insects. USDA For.Sen..Gen.Tech. Rep. PNVV-G'I'R-1,1 study.In Pmeecdings of the Symposium:Forest Succession and Hannon.M.E., Franklin,J.F., Swanson, F.1..Sollins.R. Gregory Stand Development Research in the Northwest. 26 Mar. 1981, S.N', Lattin, 1.D.. Anderson, NIL Cline, S P., Airmen, N.0., Corvallis,Otto_Edrred by LE Means. Oregon State University, Sedell, 1.R_,Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack, K., and Cummins, Forestry Research Laboratory,Corvallis,Oreg. pp. 100-112. K.W. 1986_Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate eco- Oliver. C.D., and Larson. B.C. 1990. Forest stand dynamics. syslcnt5. In Advances in ecological research. Academic Press, NlcGraw-ifll,New"York. New York.pp. 133-302. Pickett.S.T.A.,and White,P.S. 1985. The ecology of natural dis- Ilams, A S 1989_ Wind in the forests of southeast Alaska and turbaned and patch dynamics_Academic Press,Orlando.Fla. guides for reducing damage. USDA For. Sett.Gen. Tech. Rep. Pielou_E.C. 1975. Ecological diversity.John Wiley& Sons,Ness PN W-G'fR-244_ York. Harris,A.S.,and Fan-W.A. 1974.The finest ecosystem of south- Pojar,J.,and Nl ac Kinn on,A. 1994.Plants of the Pacific Northwest eat Alaska. 7: forest ecology and timber management USDA Coast. B.0 Nli ni stry of Forests and Lone Pine Publishing.\'an- For.Sen. Gen.Tech_Rep. PNVV-GTR-25. coiner. B.C. Harris, A.S., Hutchinson. 0 K., Meehan, \1'.R_. Swanton, II.NV, Rakest"aw, I_ 1981. A history of the United States Forest Sent cc Heluers,A.H.,HendeeJ.C.,and Collins.IN!. 1974.The forest in Alaska.Alaska Historical Commission and the USDA Forest ecosyston of southeast Alaska. I the setting. USDA Fm:Sen. Service,Anchorage, Alaska. Gen'Tech. Rep. I'NVf-GTR-12. Rose-C. 1981. Response of deer to forest succession on Annette Hennon, PE_,Hansen,E NI_.and Shaw.C G_,III. 1990.Causes of Island,southeastern Alaska. In Proceedings of the Symposium: basal scars on Churnuecvparss nomkareuris in southeast Alaska. Fish and Wildlife Relationships in Old-Growth Forests, 12-15 Nonl west Sci_64:45-54. Apr 1982, Juneau. Alaska. Edited /9' W.R. Nleehan, T.R. I lenry-I.D.,and Strati.1.NL A. 1974.Reconstructing forest history Nlerrell-Jr_,and T.A.Hanley_American Institute of Fishery Re- front use and dead plant material-an approach to the study of search Biologists,Nlarchead City,N.C. pp. 219-226. forest succession in southssest Ness Hampshire. Ecology. 55: SAS Institute Itm_ 1989.SAS/STA'f user's guide.sersion 6,4th ed. 772-783. SAS Institute Inc,Cary,N.C. Eiminey,J.W. 1956.Cull factors for Sitka spree.western hemlock Schoen,3.AA'.,and Kirchhoff. NI D_ 1990_Seasonal habitat use by and western redcedar in southeast Alaska. USDA Fm: Sen. Sitka black-tailed deer on Admiralty Island, Alaska. J. \V,td1_ Alaska For. Res. Sim Stn_I'ap.6. Manage. 54:371-378. Kirchlulf, M.U., and Hanley. l'.A. 1992. A quick cruise method Schoen, kW.. Kirchhoff- NI.D.-and Hughes, 1.11_ 1988. Wildlife for assessing winter range in southeast Alaska.USDA For.Sen. and old-growth forests in southeastern Alaska. Nat. Areas.1. 8: Region 10 Habitat Hotline 92-I. 138-145. 0 7001 NRC Canada n\eif:\etfear\srf:-r,\xor-tn.n. noon, rionnorer 05, 2001 2,55:55 Am Page 45 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.b. 1 e:, ,-:".tia,,. .= r —file Deal 2079 Shannon.C.E..and Weaver, W. 1949.The nwlhcnt of ical theory of tation gradient analysis of two sites in southeast Alaska. Nonh- commnunication. Universim of Illinois Press.Urbana_III. west Sci_62: 171-179. Snedecor-(IAN'_and Cochran.W.G. 1980.Statistical Methods.7111 %limo,O.C.,and Schoen,3% 1980.Response of deer to second- ed.The Iowa Stale 1ln iyersity Press.Antes.Iowa ars'forest succession in southeast Alaska.Ecology,26:448-362. Tappeiner, 1 C..and Alaback_P.B. 1989. Early establishment and Whittaker. R.14. 1953. A consideration of climax theory: the oh- vegetative growth of understory species in the ,eatem s as a population and pattern_Ecol. Nlonogr. 23.41-78. hemlock—Sitka spruce forests lu southeast Alaska Can.J.Bat, White,P.S. 1979.Pattern,moms.and natural disturbance ill cep> 67.318-326. Cation. Dot. Rev.45: 229-299. USDA Forest Service. 1997. Record of decision for Tongass Na- Yeo.J F.. and Peek.1.NI. 1992. Habitat selection by female Sitkn tional Forest land and resource management plan recision, black-tailed deer in logged forests of southeastern Alaska. 1. Alaska. USDA For. Sent.RI0-NIB-338a. Wildl_Manage.56:253-261. V'er Doer,1.AI_Neiland.9.1.,and Glenn-Leavin,D.C. 1988.A'ege- ®2001 NRC Canada I:Ac cAej E=m,Oty-slssO1-145 v rbsday, noremrer ss, 200-a.ss sr ax Page 46 of 71 Presentation from Dr. Robert L. Deal, Research Forester and ... AGENDA ITEM #2.c. (--.. „ Kodiak Island Borough MEMORANDUM TO: Honorable Mayor and Assembly Members of the Kodiak Island Borough FROM: Non-Profit Funding Sub-Committee, Assembly members Carol Austerman, Chris Lynch and Dave Kaplan SUBJECT: FY 2014-15 Non-Profit Funding Recommendations DATE: May 19, 2014 The Non-Profit Funding Committee met several times to review the applications for FY2014-15 Borough Non-Profit funding. The direction to the committee is to review the applications and make a recommendation to the full Assembly for approval of funding up to .03%of the 2014 (FY2015)Certified Tax Roll. Per Bill Roberts, the 2014 certified tax role is estimated to be$1,170,000,000. At.03% non- profit support would be$351,000. The total amount of non-profit funding for FY 2013-14 funding was $398,000. The applications for FY 2015 totaled $476,591. Thus our initial goal was to cut over $100,000 from the requests to meet the funding amount. The first stage of elimination consisted of applications that were received after the deadline or were incomplete. The applications fully eliminated were as follows: Humane Society of Kodiak $ 6,000 Did not provide 2013-14 grant report(did provide 2012-13) Kodiak Special Olympics 7,500 Late application American Red Cross 7,101 Did not provide planning document Kodiak Head Start 9,000 Did not provide financials Salvation Army of Kodiak 10,000 Did not provide financials Threshold Services 10,300 Did not provide planning document Girl Scouts 1,000 Late application Kodiak Maritime Museum 10,391 Did not provide financials $ 61,292 After review of the applications, we also recommend making the following reductions to requested amounts: Alutiiq Heritage Foundation Requested Amount-$24,318 Recommended Amount- $19,041 The Alutiiq Museum requested funding to develop podcasts of the Alutiiq Word of the Week and to draft a new marketing plan for the museum. We recommend cutting the amount that would pay for the marketing plan since that portion of the request does not fall under Borough powers. Page 47 of 71 • FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. Kodiak Area Native Association Requested Amount- $12,000 Recommended Amount-$6,000 KANA is requesting funding from the Borough to supplement the State funded WIC program. Since this is a State program, and KANA has a budget that is significantly larger than the other non-profits applying for funding, our recommendation is to cut the request by 50%, KMXT Requested Amount- $15,000 Recommended Amount-$10,000 KMXT is requesting funding for general operating costs, with an increase over prior year's costs due to the addition of a new radio station. The Assembly has voiced its desire to move away from funding general operating expenses toward funding specific needs of non-profit organizations. Due to that direction, we recommend not increasing funding for general operating expenses. In addition, the Alutiiq Museum's request included funding of just over $3,000 to be paid to KMXT for airing the Alutiiq Word of the Week. With these changes, the funding requests total $398,992. The recommendation of the Non- Profit Funding Committee is for the Assembly to approve a total of$409,500 (.035%) in the budget for non-profit funding to be allocated as in the attached spreadsheet. This leaves $10,508 available for additional contributions during the remainder of FY2015. The committee recommends that$5,000 from the KATS funding be paid from the Tourism fund due to their goal of increasing bus public service. We also recommend that the Island Trails Network funding be paid from the Tourism fund for their signage project. • In addition, the committee would recommend a second application period be opened for non- profits who are asking for only in-kind donations as those have no implications to the budget. Thank you for your consideration. C.C. Bud Cassidy, Borough Manager Nova Javier, Borough Clerk Karleton Short, Finance Director Page 48 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. NON PROFIT INFORMATIONAL SPREADSHEET FY2015 COMMITTEE NON PROFIT FY2015 REQUEST RECOMMENDATION Brother Francis Shelter 70,000 70000 Hope Community Resources 5,500 5,500 Hospice and Palliative Care of Kodiak 20,000 20,000 Island Trails Network 9,586 9,586 Kodiak Arts Council 16,500 16,500 Kodiak Community Health Center 20,000 20,000 Kodiak Island Food Bank 45,120 45,120 Kodiak Soil &Water Conservation District 7,300 7,300 Kodiak Women's Resource and Crisis Center 60,000 60,000 Marian Center Inc 5,000 5,000 Providence Kodiak Island Counseling Center 25,000 25,000 Senior Citizens of Kodiak 45,000 45,000 Kodiak Historical Society 9,945 9,945 Kodiak Area Transit System 25,000 25,000 Missing required information Humane Society of Kodiak 6,000 0 Kodiak Head Start 9,000 0 Salvation Army of Kodiak 10,000 0 Threshold Services, Inc. 10,300 0 Kodiak Maritime Museum 10,391 0 American Red Cross 7,101 0 Late applications Kodiak Girl Scouts 1,000 0 Kodiak Area Special Olympics 7,500 0 Decreased requests Autiiq Heritage Foundation 24,348 19,041 Kodiak Area Native Association 12,000 6,000 Kodiak Public Broadcasting Corporation 15,000 10,000 Total $ 476,591 $ 398,992 C.C. Bud Cassidy, Borough Manager Nova Javier, Borough Clerk Karleton Short, Finance Director Page 49 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. Received •a. MAY 2 7 2014 • Wqici Kotheo island Borough Finance Department Humane Society of Kodiak "The Humane Society of Kodiak is committed to preventing animal cruelly, reducing the homeless and abandoned pet population,and promoting the proper care of animals." P.O.Box 8783,Kodiak AK 99615 Phone:(907)486-8077 www.k o d i ak an i m a l s h e l t e r.co m May 26,2014 Kodiak Island Borough Office of the Finance Director 710 Mill Bay Road Kodiak,AK 99615-1735 Re:2014-15 Kodiak Island Borough Non-Profit Grant—Submission of Corrected Grant Dear Mr.Short, While reviewing the application submitted in April for the Kodiak Island Borough Non-Profit grant we realized that the fiscal year referred to on page 6 of 8 was incorrectly stated FY 2012- 13,when in fact it should have been 2013-14. The data documented on this page was correct, only the fiscal years referred to was stated incorrectly. I have included the corrected application with this letter. As we do not know the status of any decision made regarding our application,we ask that the Assembly grant committee take this correction into consideration as they are reviewing our submission. Should you have questions,please contact myself or Vice President,Linda Lance,at 654-7515. The Board of Directors of the Humane Society of Kodiak(HSK)thanks the Kodiak Island Borough Assembly and Staff for the opportunity to be considered. Respectfully, a r" ra.zz -� Karen Yashin, President; Linda Lance,Vice President Humane Society of Kodiak Page 50 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. opr �•y•,r 2014-15 KODIAK ISLAND BOROUGH aylxw APPLICATION FOR NON-PROFIT CORPORATION FUNDING oae `e. Application due to Finance Director by: April 25, 2014 Please type all responses ORGANIZATION OVERVIEW Organization Name: Humane Society of Kodiak Physical Address:2409 Mill Bay Road, Kodiak,AK,99615 Mailing Address: PO8 8783, Kodiak,AK, 99615 Telephone: (907)487-2575 or(907)486-8077 Fax: 486-5056 Website:www.kodiakanimalshelter.orq Email:kvashin(Wptialaska.net Federal Employer Tax ID Number 92-0148198 Contact Person: Karen E. Yashin Is Organization a 501?Yes No❑ Specify Type: 501 (c) 3 If yes, please provide a letter from the IRS signifying the organization's official non-profit tax exemption status. SERVICES Please provide a brief description of the organization's current programs in priority: • Manage and operate the Kodiak Animal Shelter • Provide veterinary services,including Spay and Neuter procedures for every shelter animal. • Financial Support for spay/neuter services for residents of the Kodiak Archipelago. • Financial Assistance to seniors,handicapped,and low income per owners for veterinary care and other services. • Provide Education.Outreach and Support to community members,schools and other organizations. The Kodiak Island Borough does not fund religious programs. Are the funds being requested going to be used for faith based services?Yes❑ No El The Kodiak Island Borough can only fund projects that fall within the powers of the Borough. These municipal powers include: 1. Education 8. Parks and Recreation 2. General Administration and Finance 9. Economic Development 3. Tax Assessment and Collection 10. Animal Control 4. Planning and Zoning 11. Fire Protection and First Responder 5. Emergency Services Planning 12. Emergency Medical Services 6. Community Health 13. Road Maintenance and Construction 7. Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 14. Street Lighting Explain how the organization's projects fall within the powers of the Kodiak Island Borough: The Humane Society of Kodiak operates the Kodiak Animal Shelter, accepting animal impounds and surrenders island wide which includes the City of Kodiak, the borough areas, the Coast Guard base, the villages and outlying areas. (Therefore our organization falls under#10) Are the organization's services delivered island-wide?Yes® No❑ If not,please list the service delivery area: Non-Profit Application(Rev.2119) Page 1 of 8 Page 51 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. Are the organization's services open to ALL residents of Kodiak Island Borough?Yes® No❑ If not, please explain why: Is your organization tourism related? Yes❑ No 13 If yes,please describe the tourism aspects of the organization. How does the organization collaborate with other local non-profits? This organization works with several non-profit organizations within our community. The HSK Board of Directors and the Kodiak Animal Shelter provides multiple volunteer opportunities and animal awareness program for individuals from KIBSD, Hope Cottages, Community Services Program,Student Worker Program,Girls Scouts and the Boy Scouts,4-H and Spouses Association of Kodiak. How does the organization use volunteers? Volunteers are used to help assist in the care of animals,maintenance of facilities and agency support. Animal care opportunities include feeding,grooming,walking,training and socialization. Additional volunteer opportunities include providing safe,loving foster homes for animals awaiting permanent adoption. Volunteers also provide assistance in the care and maintenance of facilities by assisting with daily cleaning of kennels and completing routine facility maintenance. Individuals also support the agency by assisting in various fundraising activities to help sustain the agencies programs. The Coast Guard offers the services of their employees on a regular basis to assist with any of the needs mentioned above. FINANCIAL INFORMATION Is the organization audited or reviewed?Yes❑ No If yes,please attach latest audited or reviewed financial report. If the organization is not audited or reviewed,please attach the organization's Latest annual financial statements, including a profit and loss statement and a detailed balance sheet. Organization's fiscal year dates: July 1°'through June 30'" Non-Profit Application(Rev.21191 Page 2 of 8 Page 52 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. • FUNDING REQUEST • Funding request total amount: $6,000.00 Project or specific item(s)in the organization's mission to be funded: The project to be funded is the HSK Borough Spay/Neuter Program. The purpose of the program is to allow borough residents to have their pets sterilized at a reduced cost. This program will target those individuals that need financial assistance or extra incentive to spay/neuter their pets. Project start date: 7/1/2014 Project end date:6/30/2015 Number of people served by project:Varies based on cost of actual services requested/required. Project Work plan/justification(limit response to 500 words): The Humane Society of Kodiak is requesting$6,000.00 to continue our current spay/neuter program to include sterilization services targeted specifically For borough pets residing outside of the City of Kodiak. The"HSK Borough Spay/Neuter Program'encourages borough residents to have their pets sterilized at a reduced cost by providing them with$100 coupons. Additional veterinary expenses covered by this program include an office visit,pre/post- surgical vaccinations/medications,and boarding if necessary. For residents living in surrounding villages,the HSK provides assistance with air/land transportation if necessary. Individuals requesting services through the HSK Borough Spay/Neuter Program will be asked to provide proof of residence in the Kodiak Island Borough to ensure services reach intended beneficiaries. The cost of living in our community continues to inhibit some Kodiak residents from accessing veterinary services for their pets and also restricts the HSK from adequate outreach to help our community with their needs. If the HSK does not address this need,there is potential for increased population of unwanted dogs and cats. Over the past few years we have worked to address this issue and meet the challenge in many ways including increased efforts in fundraising and membership growth; education and outreach;and the attainment of a community spay/neuter grant exclusively for helping non-shelter dogs. In addition,the Borough has supported this initiative through Non-Profit funding over the past few years. The Borough Grant acquired during the 2013-2014 fiscal year was specifically used for a borough spay/neuter program. T Non-Profit Application(Rev.2/19) Page 3 of 8 Page 53 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. I Measure of project success or expected results of project(limit response to 250 words): III • Reduction of unwanted litters of puppies and kittens being dropped off at the Kodiak Animal Shelter from the Kodiak Island Borough area. I • Documentation of ACTUAL animals served from the Kodiak Island Borough. • Documentation of reported numbers of spay/neuters for 2014/2015 from the Borough grant. 1 Direct Costs Salary Wages NA Fringe Benefits NA Consultant Fees NA Travel NA Supplies/Materials NA Services 6,000 Other (define) NA Total Direct Costs $ 6,000 Indirect Costs Donated Time NA Donated Materials NA Total Indirect Costs $ - Total Project Costs $ 6,000 Non-Profit Application(Rev.2/19) —�—— ---_-- __ Page 4 of 8 Page 54 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. 'OTHER FUNDING SOURCES • List amount of funds the organization received from other sources for this past fiscal year: • Federal $ - State - City of Kodiak 5,000 Other Grants 10,000 Donations Gaming Permit Activities Other: Memorial Endowment Other:Fundraisers/Bake Sales Total $ 15,000 If you receive state or federal grants,list the percentage and amount of local match that was required for each grant the organization received In the prior fiscal year. MATCHING GRANTS Grant Amount Matching Amount Match % Federal: $ - $ - 0% 0% 0% State: 0% 0% 0% Other: 0% 0% 0% Total $ - $ - 0% Did the organization receive funding from the Kodiak Island Borough during the last fiscal year(July 1, 2012-June 30,2013)?Yes® No❑ If yes,please complete the attached grant report and submit it with this application. Please describe briefly any fundraising activities the organization has conducted in Kodiak over the past eighteen (18)months and the results of those activities. Hairball Event-Raised$10,244;Planted Basket Sale-Raised 10,384;Bazaar Sales-Raised$1,877;Dog Trot,Bake Sales,See's Candy Sales-Raised$2,087 C. �JJ,/jag Karen Yashin Signature / Printed Name Corrected Submission-5/26/2014 President, Humane Society of Kodiak 4/25/2014 Title Date Non-Profit Application (Rev.2/19) Page 5 of 8 Page 55 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. a , KODIAK ISLAND BOROUGH °„ GRANT REPORT +Ay-y * - PAGE 1 OF 2 Please complete this report based on funds received from the Kodiak Island Borough during the period of July It 2013 through June 30,2014. Organization:Humane Society of Kodiak Project Name:HSK Borough Spay t Neuter Program 2013-2014 Grant Amount $ 5,000 Amount Expended Year to Date 5,000 Balance $ - Accomplishments with grant funds using measures indicated in application(limit response to 500 wards): The FY13.14 grant funding received from the Kodiak Island Borough was used towards spay/neuter veterinary services for a total of 50 (non-shelter) animals living in the borough area. For each of the 50 animals, a $100 coupon was provided towards the cost of the procedure. ' While, the HSK exhausted the funding provided by , the borough for the spay/neuter program, other spays/neuters were funded by HSK through other grants and funds from donations and fundraising activities, The 115K is confident that sterilization initiatives funded through the Borough Spay/Neuter program in 2013-2014 did make some difference in the number of litters presented to the Shelter. There was a decline in the number of feline litters dropped off in FY13-14; only three litters (approx. 30 kittens) compared to the previous fiscal year when over 100 kittens were dropped off at the shelter. Only two litters of puppies were taken in by the Shelter this same time frame, both litters were from Old Harbor. The HSK funds or partially funds the sterilization of any of the kittens or puppies adopted from the shelter. While 50 dogs and cats were served through the HSK Borough Spay/Neuter program using Borough funding, another 109 impounds from the borough came to the shelter and$4 borough pets were surrendered. In FY13-14, 103 dogs and cats received veterinary services, including spay and neuters, through 115K-funded support 'Documentation of coupons issued for this program is available upon request. Non-Profit Application(Rev.2119) Page 0 of 11 Page 56 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. . a '-ti KODIAK ISLAND BOROUGH GRANT REPORT ' PAGE2OF2 .ac _ PROJECT BUDGET Budget Actual Direct Costs $ - $ - Salary Wages - - Fringe Benefits - - Consultant Fees - - Travel - - Supplies/Materials - - Services 5,000 63,874 Other(defined) - - Total Direct Costs $ 5,000 $ 63,874 Indirect Costs Donated Time - - Donated Materials - - Total Indirect Costs $ - Total Project Costs $ 5,000 5 63,874 If you have not expended all funds, please describe how and when you intend to spend the balance. All funds have been expended. C. /7�1"°#14:1 Karen Yashin Sign{{/ature Printed Name Corrected Submission—5/26/2014 President, Humane Society of Kodiak 4(24/2014 Title Date Non-Profit Application(Rev.2/19) Page 7 of 8 Page 57 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. DID YOU ATTACH THE FOLLOWING DOCUMENTS? ❑ List of Board Members and Officers ❑ Letter from the IRS signifying organization's official non-profit tax exemption status ❑ Organization's Mission Statement ❑ Copy of the organization's long range plan such as a business plan, strategic plan, or development plan (if available) ❑ Attach latest annual audited financial report or financial review (if your organization is audited or reviewed) ❑ Attach organization's latest annual financial statements, including a profit & loss statement and a detailed balance sheet (if your organization is not audited or reviewed) ❑ Attach grant report (page 6 and 7) and submit it with this application if your organization received funding from the Kodiak Island Borough during the last fiscal year(July 1, 2012 —June 30, 2013). Non-Profit Application(Rev.2/19) Page 8 of 8 Page 58 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. HSK BOARD MEMBERS Karen E. Yashin, President HM 487-2575 kvashin@ptialaska.net 883 Preston Lane Cell 942-1088 Linda Lance, Vice President HIVI 486-5044 lindalance c ,gci.net 1338 Mountain View Dr. WK 486-9569 Cell 654-7515 Lorraine Stewart,Treasurer WIC 486-1209 Istewart n,kodiak.alaska.edu 212 Maple Ave. Cell 539-5727 I-IM 486-1752 Kim Phillips ,Secretary HM 486-6863 kimph(a?gci.net 1312 Kouskov St. WK 486-1843 Jan Haaga, Member HM 486-2370 Ihaaga(a(i7gmail.com 1719 Mission Rd. Cell 206-718-0286 Marla Creanya, Member Cell (517) 914-4446 marla.grcanvai gmail.com 1518 Larch St Cindy Trussell, Member 486-2878 cindyhogan(aigmail.com 1298 Sawmill Circle Christina Conrath, Member HM 942-7257 conrathkodiak(EEmail.com POB 641 WK 481-1732 Page 59 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. ya R s nrponmen1 of he 1ea.Wp v Intern:!Revenue Senlce P.O. Box 2508 In reply refer to: 0248574153 Cincinnati OH 45201 May 23 , 2011 LTR 4168C ED 92-0148196 000000 00 00017586 BODC: TE HUMANE SOCIETY OF KODIAK PO BOX 8783 e.., KODIAK AK 99615-8783 4.s r�S )7326 Employer Identification Number : 92-0148196 Person to Contact : MS. JOCKERS . Toll. Free Telephone Number: 1-877-829-5500 Dear TAXPAYER: This is in response to your May 12, 2011 , request for information regarding your taX-exempt status . Our records indicate that you were recognized as exempt under section 501 (c) (5) of the Internal Revenue Code in a determination letter issued in APRIL 1994 . Our records also indicate that you are not a private foundation within the meaning of section 509(al of the Code because you are described in section 509(a) (2) . Donors may deduct contributions to you as provided in section 170 of the Code. Bequests , legacies , devises, transfers , or gifts to you or for your use are deductible for Federal estate and gift tax purposes if they meet the applicable provisions of sections 2055, 2106 , and 2522 of the Code. Please refer to our website www.irs . gov/eo for information regarding filing requirements . Specifically, section 6033(7) of the Code provides that failure to file an annual information return for three consecutive years results in revocation of tax-exempt status as of the filing due date of the third return for organizations required to ' file: -We 'w1"11 Publish a list of organizations whose tax-exempt --- - status was revoked under section 6033(j ) of the Code on our website beginning in early 2011 . Page 60 of 71 FY2O15 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. 0248574153 May 23, 2011 LTR 41680 ED 92-0148196 000000 00 00017587 HUMANE SOCIETY OF KODIAK PO BOX 8783 KODIAK AK 99615-8783 If you have any questions , please call us at the telephone number shown in the heading of this letter . Sincerely yours, S. A. Martin. Operations Manager Accounts Management Operations • Page 61 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. e�� .•v.. a4aU9-U F s — State of Alaska fi Department of Commerce and Economic Development f i Division of Banking, Securities and Corporations 4 i CE "TIFICATE #. OF f INCORPORATION 3. Nonprofit Corporation } i • t { b The undersigned, as Commissioner of Commerce and Economic t, Development of the State of Alaska, hereby certifies that duplicate t originals of the Articles of Incorporation of s ,,n c uc>: recelveu m uns ME tC.,anti art.. 7 nund I-n rnnfnren rn Lt.*, HUMANE SOCIETY OF KODIAK - t have been received in this office and are found to conform to law. 9. ACCORDINGLY, the undersigned, as such Commissioner of Commerce il and Economic Development, and by virtue of the authority vested In him 1 by law, hereby issues the Certificate of Incorporation and attaches hereto a duplicate original of the-Articles of Incorporation. 1 s Y t . (• t cit.. rye . ■ co ��\I7;ices IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF, I execute this certificate I \� — �` and affix the Great Seal of the State of Alaska on i i � � August 22, 1994.rry tk*Ort-_-:::-..^4"-±-.5 {a44....e,c4,04.0) f I tilt"P Paul Fuhs ALA51t' COMMISSIONER OF COMMERCE 4 08-120N (Rev. 9/88) AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5841 4i-4 Issued By:Corporations Section.P.O. Box 11808 Juneau, AK 99811 (907)465-2530 s 2. ahm:n:3 . . .',aVa.1w.':.t44?:C.:Ir.4h1.t4,u._r:}14.. iJVre',J.ZiV Ae:Mtli,F:.;".^r'fr4rAntiVIt:i:HJ 3::uie: :4%.IM K.:^.R.. Page 62 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. FIL1NG.DATE: Date Received: Flied for Record Receipt NoState of knee Amount: 1111M194 0pepo irnent of 1Nmmerco t Checkarr4Dtconomic Developmen Corporation Number ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION. (Domestic Nonprofit Corporation) We, the undersigned, all of whom are residents of Kodiak, Alaska, and all of whom are of the age of 19 years or more, acting as incorporator(s) of a corporation under the Alaska Nonprofit Corporation Act (AS 10.20), adopt the following Articles of Incorporation: Article One Name The name of this corporation is the HUMANE SOCIETY OF KODIAK. Article Two Period of Duration The HUMANE SOCIETY OF KODIAK shall be of:perpetual duration. Article Three Purpose The purpose of the HUMANE SOCIETY OF KODIAK shall be, through education and other implementation, the prevention of cruelty to animals. Article Four Limitations The Internal affairs of the corporation shall be regulated by the Bylaws, this corporation shall engage exclusively in such educational and charitable activities as will qualify it for tax exempt status under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue :,ode of 1954 or corresponding provisions of any subsequent federal tax laws. Page 63 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. Articles of Incorporation, Page 4, Humane Society of Kodiak INJVITNESS WHEREOF, we, the incorporators, sign our names this day of (/117ryt , 19 7i1 . S. � �... �:f/e — � / !I i /. iii Subscribed and sworn to before me this / 7 day of (//i/7/7...4.4/ , 19 NT9RY PUBLIC v • .State of ALASKA My Commission Expires: -/7-n9`9.T Page 64 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. ® / Humane Society of Kodiak P.O.Got 8783 Kodiak,AK 99615 APRIL 2014 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Overview The Humane Society of Kodiak(HSK)is a non-profit 501(c)3 Charitable Corporation that is managed by a volunteer board of directors. The only such service provider for the entire Kodiak Archipelago, the HSK actively operates the Kodiak Animal Shelter under contract for the City of Kodiak. The Kodiak Sheller is one of few shelters in Alaska that operates as a no-kill shelter for friendly,adoptable pets and ensures pets are spayed/ neutered before adopted. Vision The Humane Society of Kodiak believes that all domestic animals deserve to be treated with respect and dignity, We will work with the community, rescue organizations and foster homes on behalf of the animals to give them a second chance at finding loving for- ever homes. We envision a time when pets are not stray an unwanted and where our community becomes a model for achieving a"humane society," Mission The Humane Society of Kodiak is committed to preventing animal cruelty, reducing the abandoned pet population,and promoting the proper care of animals. ORGANIZATIONAL SUMMARY The Humane Society of Kodiak was organized as a 501(c)3 in April 1994. The Board consists of a President,Vice President,Secretary,and Treasurer and up to five members at-large. Currently, the board is made up of local residents from a variety of professional backgrounds, including education, health care, and government. The Board holds public meetings six times per year, including an annual membership meeting. The HSK operates the Kodiak Animal Shelter located on 2701 Mill Bay Road.The shel- ter houses strays,surrendered,abandoned pets from city and borough and impounds brought to the shelter from Animal Control. Animals remain at the shelter until adopted Page 65 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. or reclaimed. Euthanasia is performed when animals are not adoptable due to untreatable illness,injury or serious behavior issues. The shelter manager,hired by I-ISK,manages day-to-day operations at the shelter. This position is responsible for hiring and supervising staff that cleans the facility and cares for the shelter animals. Community volunteers play a vital role in providing additional care of shelter pets,including walking, petting,grooming and shelter projects or im- provement that are not funded through the city contract. I-ISK's mission is not only the care and adoption of those animals housed in the shelter, but to reduce the population of unwanted pets in the Kodiak Island community. This is accomplished through an active spay/neuter program of both shelter and community pets and is supported through membership dues and fundraising efforts by the HSK. STRATEGIC PLAN Objectives o Operate the Kodiak Animal Shelter for the City of Kodiak. o Ensure that animals at the Kodiak Animal shelter are safe and cared for humanely. o Support a strong adoption program for animals housed at the shelter and ensure that potential adoptive homes are safe and appropriate for the animal. o Financially support veterinary medical services for shelter animals; including ster- ilization,vaccines,medications,and treatment of injured or ill animals. o Reduce unwanted and stray animal populations by encouraging and funding spay/ neuter programs for shelter pets and Kodiak Island borough community pets(in- cluding villages). o Provide financial assistance to community members,in need,for veterinary care or assistance with their companion pets. o Work closely with animal control officials to identify abused and/or neglected an- imals. o Provide education about the proper care of pets. o I-louse impounded,stray,and surrendered pets. Strategies o Continue to contract with the City of Kodiak for the operation of the Kodiak An- imals Shelter. o Encourage adoption of shelter pets through advertising, promotions and network- ing. o Raise funding for spay/neuter programs,veterinary services,and community as- sistance,through planned events and grants. o Sterilize each shelter animal before they are adopted or at appropriate age after adoption. Page 66 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. o Encourage community involvement in reducing unwanted animals through spay/ neuter programs financially supported by the HSK,and in partnership with the local veterinary clinic. o Work with city of Kodiak on improvements to the animal shelter structure to en- sure the safety and comfort of animals housed at the shelter. o Provide information,education and outreach to the community through the inter- net,newsletters,newspaper articles,public service announcements,and person-to- person. o Work closely with shelter staff to ensure quality of care and positive staff morale. o Continue to work with special populations,such as seniors and the US Coast Guard personnel& families. Action Plans o Seek renewal of contract with City of Kodiak for 2014-2016, a Continue to target cat population for spay and neuter initiative through education, outreach and financial incentives. o Continue to target dog sterilization initiatives through education,outreach,and financial incentives. o Continue community fundraisers,including:Hair Ball,Planted Basket Sale and participation in Pick,Click& Give. o Continue to seek grant opportunities that will fund HSK initiatives. o Continue marketing strategies regarding programs and mission through Facebook, website,newsletters, brochures,newspaper ads/articles,networking,and radio. o Work with city and borough officials to strengthen codes related to care and treatment of domestic animals. o Evaluate feasibility of remodeling current shelter structure. 3 Page 67 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. 1 I Humane Society of Kodiak P&L I Jan-Dec 13 1 Income I _ I 1 4000•Animal Shelter Public Support I 1 (4010.City of Kodiak Grant I 111,500.00 4020•Individual Donations 1 4,334.75 14000•Animal Shelter Public Su_____J 1 1,000.00 i I Total 4000-Animal Shelter Public Support I 116,834.75] i If t 1 4100•Humane Society Public Support 4150•Kodiak Island Borough Grant 1 5,000.00 1 I 4175•Comm Canine Spay/Neuter Grant I 4,455.00 14210•Pick-Click-Give 10,530.00■ I4350••General Donations 79,925.991 f— —I 4370•Membership Donations 1,295.001{ 14100•Humane Society Public Support-Omer _ I -4,415.991 I I J Total 4100'Humane Society Public Support I 96,790.001 I I L00•Fundraising Income x4410•Dog Trot __ __ I _ . 855.00 1 - 14425'Flower Basket Sales i 10,384.001 J 14430•Misc.Fundraising Events ___ 1 1,876.95 4440•Hair Ball Fundraiser 10,243.85 4400 Fundraising Income-Other ' 1 1,232.25 I''fl I Total 4400•Fundraising Income 1 24,592.05 C 1 I 4500•Interest Income 633.41 i4700'Animal Shelter Program Income I- 4705•Adoption Fees I 12,605.00 14715•Kennel Fees 510,00 _ 4720•Impound Fees 525.00 I'I 14725•Dog License Income 1! 162,001 I 1 i 14775 Miscellaneous Shelter Income _ 70.00 I I I 14740•Borough Impound Fees ____ 3.32600; I1 I _I_ 14745•Borough License �1 70.001 i (Total 4700•Animal Shelter Program Income 1 17,268.001 1 Total Income 256118.21 jri Expense i .■6000•Payroll Expenses I I 1 6010'Wages 87,538.96 j 1 I 16020•Payroll Tax Expense 8,850.17.1 I 16000.Payroll Expenses-Other I 190.401 I Total 6000'Payroll Expenses 96,579.531 1 Page 68 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. l 5200•Contract Services i I 6210•Accounting Fees j_ 2.350.00 1, 1 Total 6200-Contract Services I 2,350.001 _I 16300-Humane Society Expenses 1_.._ 16305•Advertising 3,022.16 t 6310-Newsletter Expense i - 595.98 1L ( 6315•Shelter Meeting Supplies 1-y 104.051 y I I _16320•Shelter Supplies&Equipment y. 1 3,359.55 - 6350•Dues and Subscriptions 155.001 _ + 16500 Fundraising Expense Fundraisin '� p 8,744.46 I _1 Total 5300-Humane Society Expenses 15,981.20 I 6540•Interest Expense j-_ 2.09 � µX7090•Employee Gitt 602.06 17100•Electricity - 3,374.82 17110•Heating Fuel i 3,866.51 7115.Garbage Services •..___—_ _ 2,713.931 _M 7120•Telephoneflntemet 800.863 _17125•Cleaning Supplies __, 1,545.70 1 17130-Maintenance&Repairs ` 1,741.43 1 w 17135-Office Supplies 1 1,361.77! 1-..- 7140 Postage/Freight -- --�..,i 660.001 1 ...,.....7200.Animal SupplIes __-_-_�_ m 1t 482.731 -r 1 7225'Dog License Expense •— 135.00 C 17300.Euthanasia+ ��...i t 7310•Incineration _-- 1,345.50 7315 Eulh Vet Assistance ._ {y 1,202.501 L 1 I Total 7300•Euthanasia 2,548.00 i 1 L 17509-insurance --- r, I 17505-D&0 insurance 1,125.00• 1 17510•General UJability 1,366.00 17515•Workers Compensation 3,533.00 F 'Total 7500•Insurance i 6,024.001 ( T 1 17600-Rant I 925.001 8000•Veterinary Services r_._.- i 8015•Medicines i 1 .._. 430.33-1111 1 18020-SpaylNouter .... -TI 17,238.67 r _ 8050•Winston/Checkers,Medical Cases 908.44 111 lk-T E8000-Veterinary Services-Other 1 45,296.351 1 i Total 8000•Veterinary Services ( 53,873.791 2 Page 69 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2.c. . i i _ __.__ ..___ __. __ _ . 1 8580-Suspense_ _.,.__.__.�.�_____L S,Ofl,46� 1 9008-VOID 1 0.00 } i 206.581.681 Total Expense Net Income l _ 4 49,536.331 3 Page 70 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding AGENDA ITEM #2"^�. | _______ _`___ 3-1,13 | � | ^ Humane xv�**�" nwx**�m^coSheet |xsSs`a | i • |w�m«u� -- ~ I- ~~ ' C:mowoaeww"n« -Moo•Credit Union'I Checking ; o^mvo I 1001-Credit Union 1 Savings 11,881.54 i I 11010•AK USA CU Checking ' 20,209.99. 10125-AK USA CU Cart(80)WinChkrs I 67,010.90 1125D-Loans for Community Help , 125.001 . Total Other Current Assets i 12s* , Total Current Assets ,Other Current Liabilities 12no.Alaska ESC Payable — i 704.18 I Total Other Current Liabilities I 2,165.04 !Total Current Liabilities 1 2,155.041 I 3000-Opening Balance Equity _ --f"" 37 160.131 • 13200-Unrestricted Net Assets I '163,34T.721 1 ' Page 71 of 71 FY2015 Budget Final Review Including Nonprofit Funding KODIAK ISLAND BOROUGH aguArtty RP g of: MA I ;,211 , ai4 Please PRINT your name Please PRINT your name Nv: Jo `i. Kodiak Island Borough des RA �j � 1 1' a-4 MEMORANDUM TO: Honorable Mayor and Assembly Members the Kodiak Island Borough THROUGH: Bud Cassidy, Borough Manager FROM: Karleton Short, Finance Director SUBJECT: FY2015 budget DATE: May 27, 2014 These are the proposed changes to the Budget Oridinance: A. Actions related to school district funding 1. Move to increase the revenues and expenditures of the Education support fund from $10,790,000 to $10,905,600. a. This recognizes an increase in the mill rate from 8.75 mills to 9.16 mills and eliminating the transfers in from the General Fund and Facilites fund. ($330,000) 2. Move to increase the mill rate in the Education Support Fund by .41 mills to 9.16 mills (8.75 to 9.16) 3. Move to reduce use of fund balance and transfers out in the General Fund by $220,000. 4. Move to reduce use of fund balance and transfers out in the Facilities fund by $110,000. 5. Move to reduce the mill rate in Fund 300 by .41 mills. B. Actions related to the Genereal Fund 1. Increase Fund 100, Department 192, non-profit funding, and Fund 100, use of fund balance by $35,500. C. Actions related to capital projects. 1. Move to remove FY20I5 additional Renewal & Replacement (fund 469) capital projects from the budget ($2,244,451). C. Actions related to Enterprise Funds I. Move to increase revenues and expenditures in fund 530, Municpal Waste Collection and Disposal, by $300,000 per Assembly recommendation. If the Assembly agrees to these motions we can prepare a substitute ordinance. We can delete or add to these motions.